THE HEALTH OF HINDUARIAN DOCTRINE IN VARANASI, INDIA.
CHAPTER 1: GENERAL IN INDIA
1.1.Khong time r Separate l chills
Geographic location
India (Hindi: Bharat; China called: Thien Truc Quyen Single ) is a South Asian country, accounting for most of the Indian peninsula , bordering with Pakistan, China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan And Afghanistan. India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of over one billion people, and is also the seventh largest in area.
Picture 1 . The e oh e ất nư conventions Indi in
Location image
D AY H i Malaya majestic arc language project in a 2.600km long , stretching from Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh from the north in the Far East constitute the majority of India's eastern border .
The rest of northern, central and eastern India includes the fertile Indo-Quey Plain. In the west, the southeastern border of Pakistan, is the Thar Desert.Southern Peninsula of India consists of the entire Deccan plain, surrounded by two coastal mountains, the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats.
India is home to many large rivers, including the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yamuna, Godavari, Kaveri, Narmada and Krishna. India has three archipelagos - Lakshadweep off the southwestern coast, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands volcanic island chain southeast and the Sunderbans in the Ganges delta in West Bengal.
Climate
Indian climate varies from tropical to temperate in the south to temperate in the north, with high elevations in the north, often with long periods of snowfall. The Himalayas, along with the Hindu Kush mountains in Pakistan, are a natural barrier to the cold winds of Central Asia. They make much of the Indian mainland warmer than most other places in the same latitude. The Thar Desert causes the southwest monsoon to bring more moisture into the Indian mainland, causing rain from June to September.
Diverse climates are the reason that India is listed as one of the highest biodiversity species in the world, both in species numbers and in number of individuals. The number of plant and animal species in the Indian subcontinent is second only to the world after Africa, and many species are only present here.India is home to over 3,000 Bengal tigers, 10,000 Asian elephants and about 8,000 gaurs, the world's most rare mammals.
The diversity, harshness of natural conditions and climate are the natural forces that weigh heavily on life and mark the boldness of Indian minds .
1.2. Calendar s ử Indi at e in full bi ến e Separate
* Calendar s ử
The Republic of India appeared on the world map on August 15, 1947. The founding of the Indian state was the pinnacle of the struggle of people in South Asia to escape the rule of the British Empire. India's Indus civilization flourished five thousand years ago. India is the birthplace of four important religions in the world: Hindu, Buddhist, Jaini and Sikh. Before Independence, India was part of the Indian subcontinent. The founding of this nation was greatly appreciated by Mohandas Gandhi, who was hailed as "the father of India". He persuaded the British government to give Independence to India by way of peace and acceptance. But Britain decided to split India into two countries: one with a large Hindu population; The majority of the Muslim population is Pakistan, It has two parts: the eastern part of India is called East Pakistan (later Bangladesh), the western part is called West Pakistan (Pakistan Islamic Republic today). These two parts of the territory are over 2,000 km across India.
*Cultural
India is a land of colorful and religious beliefs with the mystical Ganges. The city of Shiva, is one of the most sacred places in India, where Hindu pilgrims come to baptize and cremate their beloved loved ones ... where they can wash away both their sin and their lives. When it was lost , where all the people here said that after death on the river would be to Moksha ... a city of Varanasi is the heartbeat of the Hindu heart. , Where the intersection of the spiritual and material world. The Ganges River is considered the river of liberation, the symbol of eternity.
1.3 History of Hindu Cremation Creation, India
* Define
The custom of cremation of Hindus is the ritual cremation fishermen ời ch ết ashes and bring very down the Ganges with the desire for the soul is transcendental, tr in the habit ingrained in e ời s tube communal h ội enoughreachable the fishermen ời Hindu nh of Compliments, suggestions and follow.
* Calendar's a weak form
The Hindu cremation was associated with the birth of Hinduism in India.
Hinduism is the religion of the majority of the population in India . Hindus often say that Hinduism is not really a religion but a way of living of the people .
Since the 16th century, missionaries and expatriates often referred to religion and customs in India and often referred to the natives as "pagan" if they did not claim to be one of the great religions ( Christianity, Judaism or Islam). They are called in Latin the Gentiles , Portuguese is gentioand since then the English is gentoo and Dutch / German is Heyden (Heiden ). By the 18th century , the term "Hindoo" (Persian Hindi ) began to be used, and finally, in the 19th century, the term "Hinduism" Became very popular. Thus the word "Hinduism" - translated as Hinduism.
The Persian word "Hindu" is equivalent to the Greek word for "Indian", and both are derived from the name of the great Indian river (Sanskrit:sindhu , Persian: hindu , Hy Greece: Indos ), brought to the country it runs through this name: Hindus are those originating from countries India (india ). As soon as the Persian speakers invaded Persia, distinguishing between Muslims and Hindus, this did not mean that all Hindus were followers of a religion.
Today, there is a growing body of Indian religion and research information. Thus, the word "Hinduism", "Hinduism", can not mean a certain religion of the Indians but only a broadly meaningful term, only areligious group that is interrelated, But different, comes from South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh). These religions are interrelated but different as the difference between Jewish, Buddhist, Christian and Muslim. They have different god concepts, different holy books, as well as various practices and forms of performing various rituals. They have different theological systems, based on theologians, different masters,
Other than thinking Western attention to circuit theory, to perceive the world around them, to find the truth outside of man by logic and empirical science is triết studying Indian philosophy of life toward Spiritual, abstract thinking should be very high and ups and downs. It is a world full of mystery, magic, full of charm, has never been destroyed in history. It's not the treasures, or the beautiful ornaments in the cabinet for the people to praise, but the ideas that arise from life and into life, the breath is the end of life. Indian people .
According to this religion, c ó three road can end karma vicious round of the fishermen ời: Th stasis nh Land , d stills loves to any god or goddess male Hin d u; th overload hai, t antenna understanding through contemplation of Brahman (Thien Pham) ... to realize that circumstances in life are not realistic, ego is an illusion and only Thien Pham new show real; th stasis three, c district ritual center with various religious ceremonies.
May To say, the residual wall th stasis three have contributed to ần forming customary fishermen cremation ời Hindu on e ất nưconventions Indi at e in full command en secret.
CHAPTER 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HINDUIST IN KOREA, INDIA
2.1. Y If t stains local culture
Figure 2. Varanasi Holy Land of 1920
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Figure 3. Varanasi today
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The famous Varanasi is located in the southeastern part of the northern Indian state, where the left bank of the Crescent River flows. The population of this city is about 800 thousand people. The city has many interconnected lane and many temples and temples. "Varanasi" is a combination of the names of the two rivers surrounding the city. "Varanasi" in Indian means "Light of India" , " the culturalcapital of India ".
Legend has it that 6,000 years ago, this city was created by the god Hindu Shiva (Hindu). Shiva is the third god of the three largest Hindu gods. Shiva dwells in the city of Varanasi, and anyone who dies here reaches the god Shiva, no matter how bad they are. In the 12th century, the ancient dynasty of India established the capital here.
Figure 4. Varanasi ancient temple
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Figure 5. Ganges where the river flows through
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Today, although Varanasi in India is just average city but famous in the world with the famous Hindu . The city of Varanasi is famous for its steps down the Ganges, often referred to as the Mother of the Ganges. Hindus believe that if someone is cremated in Varanasi, then the ashes of the dead are sprinkled on the river, and the last rites of ceremonies are conducted on the stones of the river Ganges. Escaped from the life cycle of death and death.
In this place, no one feels strange seeing the body parts burned to charcoal littering the river. It is said that most respected sages of India - including Gautama Buddha, Mahavira, Kabir, Shankaracharya and Tulsi Das - all lived in Varanasi.
2.1.2. S u sacred river H deny that
The Ganges play a very important role in the lives of Indians, especially the Hindus. As mentioned in the Rig-Veda, the oldest text of the Hindus, this is the sacred river where every Hindu needs to be bathed at least once in his life. Not only is bathing, the most sacred of the Hindus is also often performed with the witness of the Ganges, from birth, marrying, marrying to the point of death, burning the body and spreading the ashes. Down the Ganges.
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| Figure 6.7. H'ng sacred river |
The Ganges originate from the southern foot of the Himalayas, 2580 km long. It is the longest river, the largest basin area in South Asia. After flowing into India, the Ganges merges into the Araknanda River and still bears the Ganges. The Indians call the Ganges the Holy River, which is the Ganges, the reincarnation of the goddess Ganga, the wife of Shiva.So they respect the Ganges very much. Legend has it that this respect comes from a legend. In the old days, the Ganges flowed with great winds, often causing floods, destroying crops, harming the living. In order to wash away the faults of its predecessors, a nation has prayed for the gods in the sky to help steal the Ganges, to bless the people. Shiva came to the foothills of the Himalayan mountains and cut his hair down to the ground, causing the cascade of the Ganges waterfall to form seven streams of water flowing slowly, irrigating fields on both sides of the river.From that, The people on both sides of the Ganges are peaceful. To thank Shiva, the people of India have compared the Ganges to the Holy River.
For Hindu followers, the most important event in human life is death. It is best for the soul to be forever superseded in samsara. Therefore, the life-long behavior of a Hindu believer revolves around this greatness. T atthe stone steps along the banks of the Ganges, the firewood for cremation burns day in and day out. Under the eyes of the pagans, this is tragic, but Hindus make it the last of the path of suffering in life. Varanasi city is always full of air congratulations. Hindu (Hindu) believers said that the body of a human should be burned. Only the saint is exceptional because they have already merged with god. After death, the body of the saint was placed on the wreath by the faithful, placing the stone on the Ganges. As the wreath sinks into the water, A lot of the drums of music sound out to send the soul off with God. Legend has it that, beside the hot crematorium, a well was dug when the creator Brahma (also known as Brahmin) created the world. This well represents death and life in samsara. According to Hindu mythology, well water is obtained from the Himalayas, even before the Ganges. Brahma used iron to dig this well.
2.2. Y If t stain Hinduism
The majority of the Hin d u cult nature of things (Brahma - Brahman) through countless represent gods and goddesses. The manifestations of various gods and goddesses become incarnations in idols, temples, gurus, rivers, animals, etc.
Who Hin d u notion that their status in the present life is based on their deeds in a previous life. If their previous behavior was evil, they had to suffer much in this life. The objective of the Hin d u rule is to get rid of his karma ... to be free from reincarnation without stopping.
In Hindu d u, people have the freedom to choose how to act toward spiritual perfection. Directed Hin d u also offers an explanation for the suffering and evil in the world. According to this religion , the suffering that anyone suffer, be it illness, hunger or disaster, is also significant because of the actions of the wicked person, usually from a previous life.Only the soul is important, and the soul will be freed from the cycle of birth and death.
2.3. Comfort l • Preparatory cremation
* Tru conventions when cremation
The city's cremation was designed with hieroglyphic stones along the Indian River of the Holy River. Manikarnika and Harishchandra are two crematoriums regularly used in Varanasi.
The first process of cremating relatives on stone steps is to select a dead coffin. The price depends on the amount of wood used, in addition to sandalwood, buffalo milk, straw and religious ceremonies , depending on the economic circumstances of the family, quantity and quality. Wood and accompanying materials. Even with rich families, they can wrap people lost in a gold or silver shroud.
Often, people are not encouraged to cry at funerals, but they think tears are only for sad things, and more so, they also "contaminate" religious rites. Therefore, women are prohibited from attending funerals because they are easier than men.
Figure 8. The body is bundled with care
Before placing it on the pyre, dead bodies are embedded fast down the Ganges, then a layer of butter made from buffalo milk is applied to the entire body to help it burn more easily and enough reachable wrapped in t warm cloth tr Ang ( sub n ữ red) r Oi enough reachable e Lay on a stretcher g eg hard put e ến beach cremation. Clergy and fishermen Group ời mourners v ừa go v ừa read verses: Ram Nam Satya Hai (St. Rama is the truth), every fisherman ời fray: He Ram, He Ram ... N If fishermen ời ch ết is chaplain or clergy wandering examples reachable stretcher go in th investment ế ng oi . Then th contest To Du reachable e locale l ê n m ot e pipe firewood to l chills , square v overload c.Fishermen ời believe r deny that doing th dull the spiritual h Noise fishermen ời ch ết will suffice reachable heaven. The man's body is often placed face down on the pyre while the woman's body is in reverse.th contest To Du reachable e locale l ê n m ot e pipe firewood to l chills , square v overload c. Fishermen ời believe r deny that doing th dull the spiritual h Noise fishermen ời ch ết will suffice reachable heaven. The man's body is often placed face down on the pyre while the woman's body is in reverse. th contest To Du reachable e locale l ê n m ot e pipefirewood to l chills , square v overload c. Fishermen ời believe r deny thatdoing th dull the spiritual h Noise fishermen ời ch ết will suffice reachableheaven. The man's body is often placed face down on the pyre while the woman's body is in reverse. Fishermen ời believe r deny that doing th dullthe spiritual h Noise fishermen ời ch ết will suffice reachable heaven. The man's body is often placed face down on the pyre while the woman's body is in reverse. Fishermen ời believe r deny that doing th dull the spiritual hNoise fishermen ời ch ết will suffice reachable heaven. The man's body is often placed face down on the pyre while the woman's body is in reverse.
* During cremation time
The eldest son or relative of the deceased man would set fire on the wood near the dead man's mouth, which was taken from a nearby temple.The next task is the Dom (nh ững credits e oh Ph ailings teachers were Fishery ời Brahmin jealous assigned to) , by applying ghee and more straw on the pyre, they will keep the fire always burning All and smiled. In the process of cremation, the th in full age will th stocked n ến , c your cost risk ện ,
Figure 9. Fishing ời ch ết enough reachable qu press b deny that fabric tr ắng
On average, it takes about three and a half hours. According to Hindu believers, if the skull of the dead explode, then it is when their soul is liberated and on the plane of Nirvana; If the skull does not explode, the mourner must knock the skull rupture before the fire goes out, a task that is not easy.
Figure 10. They must keep the fire burning
After the cremation is completed, the remaining bones will be scattered along with the ash into the river. All t ội l eg hard i fishermen ời ch ết enough reachable removed. Some families, in difficult circumstances, do not have enough money to pay for the wood used to completely burn dead bodies, people still accept the spread of ashes and body parts just burned black into the river. . Dead bodies will "get" turtles or vultures eat .
Some special cases, such as children, pregnant women or monks, who are not cremated, instead, their bodies will be tied to a heavy object and dropped into the Ganges. Hindus believe that a funeral is an occasion to celebrate because the dead believe that the next life will be happier, more prosperous .
Figure 11.12. The scene of the cremation ceremony
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* The Comfort l • Preparatory cremation
After l • Preparatory cremation is th ời period of 12 days l • Preparatory mourning. A. Oh g eg hard indoor enough reachable up hết . T Ã t all evidences provided ến and guests kh pouring e ều ng oi on n en home. This is an opportunity for them to share the noise . H deny that year, private family day to Mr. ni ệm fishermen ời ch ết . On this day,
Characteristics typical of fishermen customary cremation ời Hindu river Hdeny that is s u k ết h spatch gi right foot into ph abominable "th light " V aranasi- into ph stain of th position ần in Hinduism, Comfort th inhibition of buguava l • Preparatory and s u sacred rivers H deny that . In other words, there is s u k ết h spatch gi right foot y ế u t stains local culture and religion, fo To is the ni ệm in Hinduism. Main y If t stain was made m ot customary e in full command en secret without th To have in b ất stay qu buildings in other than Indi in .
2.4. Meaning of cremation procedure of fishermen ời Hindu in V ar safe as i, Indi in
The Hindu cremation customs in India have a profound meaning attached to the concept of this religion. Hindus believe that if someone is cremated in Varanasi, then the ashes of the dead are sprinkled on the river, and the last rites of ritual are conducted on the stone steps of the Ganges, the soul of that person. Will escape from the life cycle of death and death.
T pleased to confirm their return to the sacred Ganges, and the spirit of them, then come back to Great Falls. It th To hi ện perspective of reincarnation, the phenomenon is admitted to, cylindrical, damage and destroy the world's cyclical phenomenon. Along with it, one finds a great appreciation of the source, which is considered pure . A amniotic v ới them, dropping ash on the river H deny that like finding e ến s u sacred , hidden an inner strength, an ability Vietnamese and a fountain of emotion timeless that people often dream come . B Konig fishermen ời according to Hindu teachings,
The relatives gathered around to pray for the soul soon escape. They do not weep, grieve, because of the Indian concept, the body after burning ashes that are scattered throughout the river will make the soul be purified, shake off the old sins, escape The tortoise reincarnates samsara and soon escapes to eternity .
However, in recent years, as the demand for cremation has increased, the price of firewood has risen sharply. Many poor families have come up with the idea of cremating a part of the body and releasing the river. Even so, few corpses are kept intact, wrapped in a shroud and released into the river. According to a local guidebook, people who stay physically and physically in the Ganges are often children, sages or patients who die of poisoning. This practice has made the Ganges increasingly polluted. The smell of the corpse escapes in the midst of the hot summer days that make the traveler "cold" when cruising the holy river.
Figure 13. The Ganges is becoming increasingly polluted
M ặc whether v whoa , people in India still do not consider that the problem they face. Many believe that the Ganges is capable of purifying itself . In response to this problem, the Government of India has taken the initiative to protect the purity of the sacred river , prevent the pollution of the Ganges River by using highly feasible items such as construction of treatment systems New wastewater, sewage system replacement, pipelines ... These measures are in turn implemented extensively in India. The government hopes, in the not so distant future, that the loving river will restore its pure, pure water.
It can be said, cremation in the holy city Varanasi is one of the most admired places in India. It is inevitable that we feel horrified, but in the eyes of the Hindus, death is the beginning of all happiness and peace that people should not avoid.
CHAPTER 3: DIFFICULTIES IN OTHER COUNTRIES
In Thailand , when a person dies, after a bathing ritual, a white cloth will be wrapped around the body (except for hand-washing) and left indoors for the first three nights.
On the morning of Tuesday, the owner will set up the pyre. At noon, the family will bring food to the monastery. After the meal, the monks will come to perform the last ritual at home. During the ceremony, the monks were leading the funeral. The followers fist into the sacred thread to tie the coffin. The funeral pyre in an abandoned pyramid. Young coconuts are taken to irrigate the land near the coffin to pray for the soul to be reborn in fertile land, enough water for living and cultivation. When chanting, the monks pushed the pieces of cloth tied into the sacred string at the bottom of the coffin to the ground. The Buddha said: You must wear clothes from the shroud of the dead from the graveyard. So in the funeral, the monks often pick up the same cloth sacred wire, which,
Before the cremation, when the chanting chanting, people often pat on the coffin to remind soul to listen to the chanting the Buddha's teachings.After chanting, he went home. Those who attended the funeral lit the small flames from the nearby fire and came to burn the pyre. When the fire was burning, about 10 people remained and all went home to attend the Sankaba ceremony hosted by the monks. When chanting, the monks sitting around the bowl of hot water contain a dried bean has been crushed. Following the sankabana, the chants recite a piece of Pali and then return to the temple. People stay often take the dip dip into the bowl, scrape throughout the house, wash your hands, claw on the head and wash your face to cleanse.
Previously, a few days later a monk and his colleague collected the remains and conducted a short ritual. Today, after the cremation, the ashes of the deceased are collected, some are placed in a casket,
Previously, a few days later a monk and his colleague collected the remains and conducted a short ritual. Today, after the cremation, the ashes of the deceased are collected, some are placed in a casket,
On the fourth day after death, the monks were invited to the house to perform the blessing ceremony for the family, the neighbors also brought food, candles, medicines, incense, candles ... to increase the donation to The merit of sacrifice.
3.2. Cremation of Cham people in Vietnam
N Cham people follow the religion. But this religion has gone through the process of localization, transformed into a particular religion of the Cham.Although no longer meet the elements of one of the most ancient religions of mankind, but the concept of spirituality, the realms and the dead of the Cham still subject to the dominance of religion.
They perceive people from the afterlife to the mundane as "a whirlwind trip" and back to the afterlife, the eternal world. Unlike Mademoiselle, Cham Cham people ignore the rite of maturity, there is no ceremony while paying great attention to the funeral.
Cremation ceremony is the most important ritual in the Cham ritual system . With the concept of liberation and liberation, mundane is only a temporal realm, the dead is the eternal paradise, which all human beings. But not at death, everyone is freed to heaven. To be in heaven, human beings must meet the standards of living and, when they close their eyes, must be fully and completely filled. Therefore, cremation,
Cremation ceremony is the most important ritual in the Cham ritual system . With the concept of liberation and liberation, mundane is only a temporal realm, the dead is the eternal paradise, which all human beings. But not at death, everyone is freed to heaven. To be in heaven, human beings must meet the standards of living and, when they close their eyes, must be fully and completely filled. Therefore, cremation,
Figure 14. Burial of Cham Cham
The main cremation hall must have four teachers, including the driver: "passeh pahuăk"; Passah ralang (passeh ralang); The train driver blows a prisoner and (passeh barely); Passeh hagar, gong and folk dancers, artisans to the ceremony (about 20 people, including kanhi tutors, singing teachers, decorators, worshipers exorcise). There are also family members and neighbors who are asked for or assisted voluntarily. The family has to provide services to the people who help , attend the feast and the members of the family they eat during the ceremony.
Preparation for a ceremony cremation meticulously, from the festival building, as a crematorium, staves and instruments, the t i ện ceremony to sacrifice for each cottage holidays vv..tat both Must follow the strict rules of the "old fashioned, now."
As v whoa , it's U various v ề y If t stain address cultural, medical If tabominable religion is the s in creating s u various v ề customary cremation which features e ộc originality of continuous cremation fishermen ời Hindu India e o n am in a ph stain V ar anasi c drive glass and e ặc bi eT the river H deny that sacred.
CONCLUDE
It can be said, the Hindu cremation in the city of Varanasi, India has created a distinctive cultural difference that has a strong influence on the people of India in particular and the world in general. It has gone deep into their spiritual life, helping us to understand the sentiments, spirit, past and present of the Indian people.
Although many people think that it is a customs but religiously, we can not deny the existence of this custom for thousands of years, associated with the life of Hinduism. Because Indians always strongly believe that the water of the Ganges can help them wash away all their sins; Bathing and drinking the Ganges River can eliminate all illnesses, bring happiness and strength. At death, if the body or ashes are thrown into the Ganges, the soul will be on the celestial. Since then, has created the beliefs bath, procession, drinking water, prayer on the Ganges. Especially the ritual burning the body and throwing the ashes into the river ...
Hindus believe that even if they die on pilgrimage or die on the Ganges, they are lucky to be able to escape. And they said that the pilgrimage to the Ganges is the journey to "find the birth in the dead" .
With the development of nationalism in today's globalization trend, it is rare for a culture to have such distinctive features as India. That does not make India alien to the world, but rather to make humanity richer, more diverse and fuller, making them young, finding the spring of their lives for their faith. Tomorrow - the world of heaven, escapism. END=NAM MO AMITABHA BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH GIAC TAM.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN AMITABHA PURELAND=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.4/5/2017.
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