(IV)
Kusinara, Place of Buddha
Farewell From Earth
4.1 How to arrive
Kusinara or Kushinagar is situated in the village Kasia Deoria district of Uttar Pradesh. The nearest urban center is Gorakhpur , a 55km road. Kushinagar 130 km south of Lumbini , 250 km east of Sravasti (Savatthi, Xa-defense) and 250 km north of Patna . All distances are approximate estimates.
There are 2 good hotel for the pilgrims.
4.2 The Meaning of Religion (4), (3), (25)
Three months before the Buddha 80 years old , the Buddha said to the will want to live in Temple Shrine Capala in Vesali . But until passing Pava real life after The last meal by a blacksmith named Cunda offerings, he went to the final resting place side Sala Forest (Nagarjuna) in Mallas waterfront Hirannavati in Kushinagar .
This place, also on the day of the month Wesak Full Moon, in 543 BC , Buddha passed away Dai PARINIRVANA ( Maha PariNibbana ), no longer accept certain factors arise stick again, completely liberated, no longer occupied again.
The last one transformed Buddha (degrees) a religious Subhadda . Late last words of the Buddha told the monks that:
"Handa 'dani bhikkhave amantayami vo: Vaya-dhamma Sankhara. Appamadena sampadetha. "
"Now, the monks, said to the teacher: all compounded things are impermanent. Try diligently to achieve the goal (liberation) his " .
Buddha lying between two trees Sala Nagarjuna, leaning to the right, head towards the north when he breathed his last in this world.
Graduate PARINIRVANA his, on the 7th, his body is brought to pass through the northern port city from the east came to the door of the temple named Malla Makutabandhana Temple . When they start burning pyre jade Buddhas, they can not fire on a funeral pyre until his Oscar-lettuce (Maha Kassapa) to worship the Buddha. The last rites (burning fire) made by Him Ca-lettuce.
After jade Buddha body was burned out, the remaining parts of the relics. These relics of the Buddha were divided into 8 equal portions, by a Brahmin named Dona , for eight tribes in northern India at that time was:
(1) King Ajatasattu (Ajatasatru) of water Magadha (Ma-out-momentum),
(2) Tribal Licchavi of Vesali (Pi-amnesty-ly),
(3) Tribal Sakya (Gautama) in Kapilavatthu (Ca-Pi-la-defense),
(4) Tribal Bulias Allakappa country,
(5) Tribal Koliyans Ramagama country,
(6) Brahmin in Vethadipa ,
(7) The clay people Malla at Pava, and
(8) The ethnic Malla in Kushinagar.
Brahmin Dona divided equally personally hold relics, relics include bones, skulls, teeth, and shroud inside and outside. When the tribe Moriya Pipphalavana to the country's already late, because all these relics have been broken, so they just take the ash .
After returning home, who were divided relic stupas were built to house the church tower protected relics. So then there are all relics church tower 8, 1 Tower to put ossuary was cremated before the division and 1 relic church tower to ashes .
We need more that a few hundred years later, all the ones that were distributed which has been divided again by King Asoka , after the king decided to build a total of 84,000 temples to commemorate the holy stupas about Buddhism and Buddhist area.
And later on, there are many relics continue to be divided and placed in the church temples throughout Buddhist countries in Asia.
4.3 Background History (5), (2), (7), (35)
In those days, Kushinagar has been described by Ananda is: " A mud home town, the town at the edge of the forest, a district branch ".
Graduate PARINIRVANA of Buddha, Kushinagar become a religious center on the development of Buddhism throughout India. Holy Land is one of the four most important (Automatic Mind), this place has attracted many devout Buddhists from all over India and the world to visit.
King Asoka visited Kushinagar in 249 BC and who built many stupas stupa and the memorial stone pillar at the place.
But at the time he Xuanzang to worship in 637 AD, this place has become ruins, towns and villages deserted dreary, just a few inhabitants scattered. He also came to worship and Nagarjuna Sala tree where the Buddha retired from mundane ( PARINIRVANA ), house visits Temple of the Reclining Buddha statue and temple beside a tower 61m high stupa built by Asoka so, the tower also has the decay, and a Head Stone Temple in advance.
Go slowly to the north, after crossing the river is a protected Hirannavati stupa tower was built to mark where burnt flesh Buddha.
So that, Kushinagar has continued to become a shrine of "living" of Buddhism at the time, until the 12th century AD, after Islamic militants invaded and ravaged India, Kushinagar fell into a deserted and finally became ruins and sinking into oblivion over 600 years.
Year 1861-1862, He Cunningham visited crumbling ruins at Kasia and recognize this is the monument where the Great PARINIRVANA of Buddha.
By 1876, he was assistant Carlleyle has conducted archaeological excavations, which reveal the entire Temple Main and just before it is wall Buddha Located celebrities buried in the rubble of the relic . Several other archaeological be carried out until 1912 to see the many monuments in Kushinagar has lasted until the 12th century.
In modern times the latter approach, the first Buddhists to reside in Kushinagar is Venerable Mahavira , an Indian, but to practice under the Sangha in Sri Lanka, in 1890.Ngai responsible for restoring Kushinagar back a true sanctuary is a sacred Buddhist pilgrimage like the old days. Mahavira was remodeling his own house and built a new monastery and a road in 1902-1903 Lecture.
After he is his Mahavira monks Chandramani from Akyab district in the Arakan, Burma (Myanmar), who was ordained into the Order professor at Chittagong, in 1903. He has tried its best to fulfill the same mission like its predecessor in regaining management and care Temple University PARINIRVANA ( Mahaparinibbana Sutta Temple ), this temple is also known as the sleeping Temple ( Temple Nirvana ). He monks Chandramani also established many educational facilities for local residents and has revived the traditional Rite Buddha Jayanti (Vesak Vesak Ceremony ie), held for the first time in Kushinagar in 1924.
Venerable Chandramani died in 1972 and his disciple is Venerable Gyaneshwar , a bhikkhus from Burma continue caring lofty cause of the area.
► Notes :
In India, Bangladesh and Nepal, Buddha's Birthday ( Vesak ), also known as Visakah Puja (Visakah festival), Buddha Purnima or Buddha Jayanti . Thailand also known as Visakha Bucha ; Indonesia called Waisak ; Tibet called Saga Daw ; Laos called Vixakha Bouxa and Myanmar (Burma) called Ka-sone-la-pyae (Full Moon Day Month Kasone means, is also the second month in the Burmese calendar ). (ND).
4.4 The Need Visitation (2), (7), (35)
(1) Temple University PARINIRVANA ( Mahaparinibbana Sutta Temple )
Significant current temple was built to be visited by the Indian government in 1956 as part of the program 2500 Memorial University PARINIRVANA of Buddha or Buddhist calendar 2500 ( BE / Buddhist Era. ( H ình 27 ).
Old temple, which was restored by Sir Carlleyle (his assistant Cunningham), is too small, not enough space for the number of pilgrims visiting a winter day more.
Inside the temple, we can see the reclining Buddha tilted to the right, head back north. Long 6.1m statue is placed on a bed of stone 7.3m long. In the reclining Buddha has three small sculptures, statues stood near the foot of the Buddha is believed to describe him Ananda crying melancholy knowing that Buddha was going away. His statue in the center is Subhadda , last disciple of Buddha. Statue of a man with long hair standing near the Buddha is believed to be a tribal leader visited Malla standing Buddha ceremony.
In the center is a table of inscriptions belonging to the 6th century AD, clearly this statue is " a gift of the monks gave Dai Monastery Haribala Mahavira " and " shaped object by Dinma ". 1,500 year-old statue of the reclining Buddha is made from a red sandstone boulders transported from Mathura in the era Gupta . Himself Carlleyle was discovered in 1876 in the state of fracture cleft and has been connected successfully pieced together the fragments were found scattered around.
The statue carries 32 marks good minister of a great person ( Mahapurisa: macho man ) and may arise in our different feelings in mind, depending on the location of our stand watching:
(a) If standing in front of the face , the viewer can feel even strokes gentle smile on his face. ( Figure 29 ).
(b) If standing between themselves, the viewer can feel the pain on his face.
(c) If standing under vacuum , the viewer can feel the serene and calm in the face.
(2) Tower Great PARINIRVANA (Mahaparinibbana Sutta or Nirvana Stupa)
University Tower PARINIRVANA (Mahaparinibbana Sutta stupa) located next to Temple University PARINIRVANA ( Mahaparinibbana Sutta Temple ) . This tower was restored from Tower Main was discovered during his archaeological Carlleyle in 1876. ( Figure 28 ).
When surveyed at a depth of 4.3m, revealing a bronze beer and other artifacts dating back to the Gupta. The inscription on the plaque which is Sanskrit saying artifacts were placed in the sleeping Tower ( Nirvana stupa ) by monks Haribala .
Xuanzang, who came here to worship in the year 637 AD, recorded that the sleeping Tower was built by King Asoka. He also was the previous witness Tower is a record pillar of PARINIRVANA of Tathagata , but it does not specify the date.
The sleeping tower is believed to be the first time by the Malla erected to worship the relics and then be extended (several times) by King Asoka and the life to come in the era Gupta .
It seems that the sleeping tower has been built up for so long right place Buddha PARINIRVANA to worship the relics before the statue is placed on PARINIRVANA, although there is another theory that placement Reclining Buddha in Temple University PARINIRVANA new is where the sleeping Buddha.
University Tower PARINIRVANA (Mahaparinibbana Sutta stupa ), 27m high, was restored in 1927 by donations from benefactors Burman named U Po Kyo .
(3) Temple Matha Kuar - Origin & Meaning
In the previous edition, the author has presented the place where the Buddha and the Buddha base Ananda asked him to fetch water in a nearby creek. This was a mistake and would like to be corrected again. ( That event took place in Pava, see Section III, 2, Pava ).
According to Venerable Samitha Thero Pimbure Japanese temple - Sri Lanka (Japan-Sri Lanka Buddhist Temple) in Kushinagar, Buddha was tired and stopped at the 25th base Matha Kuar Temple just before The next step to Forest Sala Upavattana and death pARINIRVANA University. Right at the base called Matha Kuar , the Buddha continued to lecture the French for the disciples. He also said that the Buddha was an ordinary man, not avoid old age, to raise heart spiritual promptings of the disciples, to them more quickly diligent practice. The Buddha also said that he has attained knowledge and supreme wisdom beyond all living beings on this earth.
This place is called Matha Kuar and a temple has been built up and placed a statue of Buddha sitting cross-legged, in press contact address position ( bhumiphassa mudra ), made of green stone taken from the Gaya, about 3:05 high meters, more than 1,000 years old. Roof tower, formerly built to cover Buddha, this is already part of the roof of a temple tower square as square house.
According to the inscription records, temples were built in the 10th century at the time of Kalachuri leader in this area. Venerable U Chandramani 1927 was rebuilt with donations tower of two benefactors from Burma, as U Po Kyo and U Po Hlaing . It is a 0.4 km to the southwest of the Great Tower PARINIRVANA. ( Figure 31 ).
About the meaning of the name " Matha Kuar " (in Buchanan who is Matakumar), he probably Sir Cunningham rightly translated into English as "Dead Prince", which means ' Lost Prince ' when talking about the name of Buddha statue.
HBW Garrick, his assistant Sir Cunningham, also came to this place in years 1880-1881 was recorded as follows:
" This statue is reset by the local government at a distance of Main Temple (Temple University News PARINIRVANA) 400 yards. And the people in the village called 'Matha Kuar'. Now, there are many people belonging to the Hindu sects worship here, they bring offerings of betel ghee and they illuminate the object and sprinkle water on the statue itself. Sometimes there are people who worship wreath ".
Now archaeologists unearthed Carlleyle the twin statues were broken, but then one has to assemble and take statue tower church-Matha Kuar benefactors by Burmese Buddhists Kyo U Po and Po Hlaing U funding built in 1927, as mentioned above.
(4) Fire Tower T farming Stupa (Makutabandhana Cetiya)
After prostrating flesh 6 days Buddha, who was carrying the corpse Malla tribe to Makuta-bandhana , where the organization is often used to honor and celebrate the leader dissolved.
Cremation flesh Buddha described in section VI of the Beijing University PARINIRVANA ( Mahaparinibbana Sutta Sutta ), also described the division of the Buddhist relics by Brahmin Dona.
Burning Fire Tower stupa erected by the Malla after finishing flesh cremated Buddha. This tower has been renovated in the 3rd century BC by King Asoka, and in the 5th century by King Kumaragupta dynasty.
Sir Cunningham when he visited this monument in the year 1861-1862, it was only a block (mound) High cultivate land. Towers is buried beneath a high mound was later revealed cylinder with a diameter of 34m, is located on a 47m diameter footings. These excavations have discovered a lot of the stamp (seal) clay shelf engraved Buddhist texts confirm that this place is where the pyre.
It is approximately 1.6 km to the east of the Temple 'Matha Kuwara' located along the way. ( Figure 30 ).
(5) The German memorial tower Mahavira, who open up in Kushinagar
Maybe Reverend Mahavira was the first Hindu in India to become a Buddhist monk. Before that, he was a professional wrestler, and the trip to Sri Lanka, he was intrigued by Buddhism and he had joined the Sangha became monks in 1890.
In 1891, he returned to India and stay in Kushinagar, then in ruins after the excavations of 1876 by Mr. Carlleyle. He remodeled Tower PARINIRVANA University, which had been deserted, became a pilgrimage shrine Buddhist, has attracted many of the pilgrims back then, especially the Burmese Buddhists. Together with funding from the Burmese Buddhists, he bought a piece of land near the Great Temple PARINIRVANA to build guest houses for pilgrims in 1902 and build a monastery in 1903. It was a monastery vihara was built first in the modern approach in India.
Mahavira He died in March 1919 aimed at, and his ashes were buried in a small brick stupa located on the rear corner of the Temple University area PARINIRVANA.
(6) The Memorial Temple of Transformation Through Buddhism was performed by Dr. Ambedkar and Sayadaw Venerable U Chandramani
The most memorable event of Buddhism in the modern world is the metabolic 380,000 Dalits ( those deemed low-caste in Indian society ) through Buddhism under the guidance, organization of Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar.
This historic event took place on October 14, 1956 in the area of 14 samples is called Zone " Diksha Bhumi 'in Nagpur, Maharashtra.
► (See Part IV, 7, 8, 9 ).
Who was selected as the French monk guide ( Dhamma Guru) and as demonstrated in the famous celebration Refuge is Venerable Sayadaw U Chandramani of Kushinagar .
The event leads Nagpur is one the largest and leads the most peaceful in the history of mankind since the majority of voluntary and leads simultaneously, under the guidance of a person.
To commemorate this historic event, a temple was built at the Burmese Temple Kushinagar ( Kushinagar Burmese Temple ) where Venerable Sayadaw U Chandramani abbot. Inside the Temple, we can see a statue of Dr Ambedkar's statue is placed in front of Sayadaw U Chandramani Venerable, to express the vanguard of lay Buddhists memorable.
Two months after that celebration Refuge, Dr Ambedkar died in New Delhi on November 6 December 1956 at the age of 65.
U Venerable Sayadaw Chandramani continued career restore Dharma ( Buddha Sasana ) in India and Nepal. He also died in Kushinagar above Burmese Temple on Day 8, in May 1972 at the age of 97. He lived 80 years as a Burmese monks in India.
(7) The Temple & Buddhist Monastery in Kushinagar
Later this end, there is a lot of work to be developed in Kushinagar, some monasteries, temples and convenient facilities to serve the pilgrims.
While visiting Kushinagar, pilgrims are advised to visit the temples and monasteries were:
C partakers Chinese, Japanese Buddhist Temple-Sri Lanka, Burma Monastery, Tibetan monastery to pay their respects to the monks and nuns as well as by the nuns for help in finding out more about the church in the sanctuary area.END=NAM MO AMITABHA BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH GIAC TAM.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN AMITABHA PURELAND=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.23/2/2017.
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