(III)
Sarnath, the Buddha Location Opening
First Last Lecture
3.1 How to Take Arrival:
Sarnath is located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, from the city of Varanasi (Benares) about 30 km. Sarnath how Bo-Gaya (Bodhgaya) about 250 km.
3.2 The Meaning of Religious Education (3), (25), (26)
After spending seven weeks at seven places in the region Bodhgaya (Bo-Gaya) after the Enlightenment, Buddha decided to go to teach the Dhamma that he had 5 brothers enlightenment for ascetics friend his past is: Kondanna (Qiao-Tran-as), Vappa , Bhaddiya , Mahanama and Assaji , who has followed him throughout the six years of asceticism.
Buddha to Deer Park (Deer Park) in Isipatana , ie Sarnath today, on the Full Moon Day of May Asalha , exactly two months after the month Wesak Full Moon Day at Bo-Gaya .
When they saw the Buddha from a distance, they did not want to meet him, but when the Buddha came near, they naturally see the opposite and pay homage to him. Buddha can convince them of the Enlightenment, the enlightenment of the people.
That night, the Buddha has opened all the First Lecture , which is Beijing Zhuan Falun ( Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta ) the evidence was also the first church floor after 4 consecutive days of listening to the Buddha taught. Then, the Buddha was preaching to them Great Discourse on ( Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta ) A-La-H project , the last church floor. but after the lecture finished, they all attained the status , but even then, Kondanna (Qiao-Tran-As) was attained immediately Floor First St. (in Save). The other four
Also at sites in Sarnath, the Buddha was transformed (Han Vietnamese: degrees) nobleman Yasa and groups 54 of his friends, and they also realized fruition Arhat.
Then, the Buddha to sending them to a variety of different, from one another, to continue to spread the Dhamma . So Sarnath became a famous landmarks, where the opening Dharma of the Buddha's where Sangha ( Sangha) of Buddhist monks first founded.
3.3 Background History (5), (27)
Asoka visited Sarnath in 249 BC, and has built many temples to commemorate his visit, notably: Tower Dhamek stupa, Tower Dharmarajika stupa (tower Holiness) and Asoka Stone Head with cylindrical shape of a lion head very well known, is the symbol of this national emblem of India.
In the reign of King Kaniska (year 78 AD), Sarnath is a center of great religious activities and have a great statue Bodhisattva famous huge Bodhisatta parasols on the roof top, by monks from Mathura set Bala Pulled. In the Gupta period (4-6 century AD), stupas Dhamek Stupa is surrounded by the stones are engraved, the monastery's main hall Mulagandhakuti be widened and a statue of Buddha Showing Lecture, a Kumaragupta gift from the king, was set here.
In the year 520 AD, Sarnath also bear their share crumbling under the invasion and destruction of the army of the name Xiongnu Mihirakula barbarism. But after the army defeated Xiongnu, then Sarnath again bloom and the development of Buddhism under Buddhist kings are Harsa Vardharna (606-647 AD), and continues to be a lively Holy Land under the reign of King Pala (8-12 century AD).
Patron of Buddhism in Sarnath finally Kumaradevi Queen , wife of the devout Buddhist king of Benares Govindachandra (years 1114 to 1154 AD). She had built a large monastery in Sarnath named Jina Dhammacakka Vihara (Dhammacakka: wheels moved France, Jina: conqueror or do, Vihara: temples, monasteries). Ruins of this temple were found during excavations in the early 20th century.
History as pity and Sarnath also unavoidable. After the massacre of the Sangha are everywhere in India, religious extremist army of Turkish Muslims were razed to Sarnath. Sarnath became the handicapped and forgotten during 600 years, as well as other holy places in peninsular India.
1794, Sarnath is the world known to fall into the plight again. Jagat Singh, an official of the land of King Raja Chetsingh Benares (Balaam complaints), broke Stupa Dharmarajika (tower Holiness) sacred to pieces to get brick and stone to build forts, houses colonial door. When the dam poured stupa, the wife who discovered at a depth of 8.3m with a stone box which contains a box of blue marble. Inside the box containing the relics of people, assuming that there are relics , because the King Asoka built stupas and relics placed it inside the stupa to worship. However, according to the customs of the Hindus, Jagat Singh brought and thrown into the Ganges forever not found. Actions undermine this religion ( vandalism ), the idea has been obscured, none later known, but thanks to his discovery of Jonathan Duncan , High Commission Origin Benares, was published in the journal " Asiatic researches " .
Much interest accrues on the ruins of Sarnath and in 1815, Col . C . Mackenzie began to survey and discovered the sculpture, now stored in the museum Calcutta Museum .
1835-1836 years, he has conducted Sir Cunningham excavated and discovered more than 40 sculptures and engraved stone statues. Leave a tragic situation occurs again, when the relics were accidentally or intentionally transported by coach Gong, Cunningham when he is absent, the 60 vehicles carrying out stone used for construction materials 2 bridges and other premises in Benares (Balaam complaints).
The next excavations were conducted intermittently from 1851 to 1922, have revealed Dhamek Stupa stupa, stupas Dharmarajika stupa , monastery Mulagandhakuti , Head Asoka stone and ruins of monasteries. Four first relics that are considered sacred one, because of the historical relics that linked to the historical Buddha.
Thursday sacred relic is probably the Tower Pancayatana , was sinking over time, but some elders believe that is where the Buddha sat and preached the First lecture.
3.4 The need Visitation point (5), (27)
(1) Chaukhandi Stupa
This is the first monument seen entering Sarnath. This is the relic is a building full of brick cone cultivate high, atop an octagonal tower, octagonal, are relics of the great remaining ancient tower this.
This tower was built to commemorate the visit of Hamuyan, Mugal dynasty kings of India, father of King Akbar Khan throne, arrived in Sarnath in 1588 after BA. This is the place where Buddha is believed to have stopped to give 5-ascetic Kieu Tran-As seen him and bowed invite entered in Deer Park (Deer Park).
(2) Deer Park - Isipatana
1km to the north is the way the Deer Park ( Migadaya ), also known as Isipatana (It's Down A Prophet). In this quiet area, we can see the ancient monuments and sacred, as:
(3) Dhamek Stupa Stupa
Tower Dhamek stupa , is the most imposing buildings in Sarnath, standing cylindrical architecture, the bottom diameter is 28.5m profiles and 43.6m high. ( H ình 24 ).
In the Gupta period, the lower part of the tower is surrounded by stone, engraved very beautiful. Sculptural table consists of the most classic form letters signs Swastikas carved in a variety of different geometric patterns, with a hand-carved lotus ring run from top to bottom (see the screenshots of the 'characters' Swastikas on google.com). While dams dug a pillar in the center of this Stupa tower to learn and relics, he discovered ruins Cunningham old brick tower has since Mauya. It is thought that it may be a tower stupa erected by King Asoka in his visit to Sarnath.
Still did not find any monuments or relics, but there is a stone tablet recording the teachings of the Buddha: " Ye dhamma hetuppabhava ... ": "All the reasons are ... ") . These are the characters of the century 6 and 7. Those lines are very close to the teachings of the Buddha. According to the notes by the inscriptions of King Mahipala Pala Dynasty (1026 AD), the original name of this tower is the Tower of Zhuan Falun ( Dhammacakka stupa ) . Indian Archaeological Committee (Archeological Survey of India - ASI) have used this evidence to defend the argument that this tower is the marked places Buddha opened all first sermon to his team ascetics.
However, it is impossible to confirm the same for the remaining two towers, the Tower of Holiness ( Dhammarajika stupa ) and Tower Pancayatana the Gupta era, as mentioned above. So, for the pilgrims, it is best to just watch the whole area (Deer Park) This is where the Buddha opened Beijing Falun and move always mindful when we visited where all the stupas dirty.
(4) Tower Holiness - Dharmarajika Stupa
Tower ruins of Holiness ( Dharmarajika stupa ) is also located near the tower Dhamek stupa north, covering a ground area round, that's all that's left after the destruction of impiety officer Jagat Singh.
Stupa of King Asoka was originally built, the bottom diameter length 13.4m, but the size has been increased twice in the wide-Gupta, as we see today.
Tower Holiness (Dhammarajika stupa ) as the name of the tower has shown its meaning, is believed to be built by Emperor Asoka in the redistribution of relics from 7 stupa stupa after Buddha's first Bat-Niet- bring to the table and put more of the stupa worship stupa found at different places. However, the Burmese monks say the Tower Holiness was built to mark the spot Buddha's first sermon. ( H ình 23 ).
(5) Mulagandhakuti ( Seven First Perfume)
Dhammarajika north tower stupa remains of Mulagandhakuti (Perfume Seven First ), where Buddha spent his first rainy season. ( H ình 25 ).
According to the Dhammapada commentary, this room was donated by a wealthy man named Nandiya . And soon after the Buddha accepted the room, the building appeared in heaven Tavatimsa Heaven (Dao-profit) to its host is Nandiya.
Huong Phong is a square building, each side length 18.3m, main entrance facing east. The space between Huong Tower Seven and Holiness (Dharmarajika stupa ) is believed to place the statue Bodhisattva huge popularity Manthura by monks from bringing placed Bala.
(6) Head Stone Asoka
Go a little to the west of Hong Seven Mulagandhakuti, beneath a roof and is covered by the fence surrounding the base stand is about 2m tall columns of Asoka Stone Head . 15m high pillar primitive and on top of the cylinder is very famous Lion statue, currently stored at the Museum of Sarnath Museum .
Head Rock is believed to mark the spot where the Buddha gathered Sangha ( Sanghaang another word: "Do not let anyone divide turn Sangha" . ) Including 60 Arhat (5 people in the group Kieu-tran- and 55 people in the group as Yasa - ND) and suggested they go to different regions to spread the teachings of Buddha. On an ancient stone column h
At the time of Asoka, there are many groups of monks belonging to different sects living in Sarnath, so, it is believed that King Asoka to engrave this edict for the Sangha ( Sanghabhedaka ) to encourage harmony the different Buddhist sects.
(7) Temple sunk Pancayatana
East of Tower Holiness (Dhammarajika stupa ) is a relic sank beneath the concrete. This is a square church towers, made of terracotta tiles, like the kind the square at the time Gupta temple, called " pancayatana ". ( H ình 26 ).
Sunken ruins of this temple is also a place believed to be the guru of Lord Buddha preached the first sermon to all 5 friends ascetic. But because this monument is not famous monuments like the other four, so few people come to visit more, so this is the place quiet , very good for contemplation and meditation .
(8) Mulagandhakuti Vihara Monastery
500m to the east of the monastery stupa tower Dhamek Mulagandhakuti Vihara . This monastery was built by the Great Bodhi Society of India in 1931 by the tireless efforts kheoho legal Pi Anagarika Dharmapala , who vow to make all the holy places in India are caring by the monks of the Sangha.
This work was funded by a generous Buddhist monks Anagarika Dharmapala of Mrs. Mary Elizabeth Foster in Hawaii. On the day of inauguration of the monastery, the sacred relics were excavated and found in Taxila in 1913-1914 was General Director Archaeology Board authority representatives bearing gifts Great Bodhi Society. These relics were placed beneath the statue worship Buddha Showing Preach and is removed to prostrate on the Feast of Kathina annually.
The beautiful frescoes of Ajanta style on two statues of the monastery was painted by Japanese artists, Kosetsu Nosu . He worked 3 years , from 1932 to 1935, to complete. ( H ình 21 ).
Close to the outside of the Monastery is a human size Buddha often newly built, to describe the Buddha is preaching a sermon on the first five ascetic groups. ( H ình 22 ).
Currently, the abbot of the Vihara monastery Mulagandhakuti Elders Dr. Dodangoda Rewata Thera , who is also Deputy Secretary General Bodhi Society of India. He is also the author of the book "Lotus Path" (The Lotus Path), descriptions of Eight Important Holy Land pilgrimage to the land of Buddha.
(9) Sarnath Archaeological Museums
( Closed on Fridays )
Stay the museum antiquities found and restored from ruins in the Deer Park area of the archaeological excavations from 1905 onwards. Inside the museum, there are many sculptures on display Buddha and Bodhisattva , mostly originating from the era Gupta (4-5 century AD). The four most important sculptures are on display and there is an area as follows:
(a) The Lion Statue
Entering the main lobby, we can see immediately a splendid sculptures from the Mauryan King Asoka - Lion statue , which is mounted on the first primitive Stone Asoka office in Deer Park.
Sandstone statue polished, high-2.3m including four lions sitting back to back together on the circular prisms soles , about 0.3m thick. Prismatic outer surface is engraved with 4 animals running , separated by the French wheel ( Dhammacakka wheel ), that is: the cow , sign symbolizes Lord Buddha was born; the elephant symbolizes Queen Maya Devi meaning have dreamed that an elephant has entered the womb of the Queen, the horse symbolizes the renunciation or renunciation of the Bodhisattva (ie Prince Siddhattha) when he will go, on horseback Kanthaka ; son Leo Last Lecture symbolize the Buddha's First (or Kinh Zhuan Falun ). Four lion sitting on the circular substrate which represents voice rang out in the four directions of the Buddha (Lion roar amalgams).
Statue Head Stone Lion top Asoka which today became the National Coat of India and the Wheel of the Law (Dhammacakka) became National performance on the flag of India.
(b) The Statue of Bodhisattva
Statue Bodhisattva made this big red sandstone , was donated by monks Bala from Mathura in 81 AD, under the reign of King Kaniska and this is the best representative works of art for Mathura . After the statue is a pillar for increased cover is a magnificent sculpture is beautiful. This magnificent stone cover is also seen in the right of the museum hall.
(C) The Table Notes Life Buddha
There is a sculptural table describes the four main events , important in the life of the Buddha, that is: Dan Birth, Enlightenment, Opening the Dharma and the Great PARINIRVANA.
One other table describes Eight Events in the life of the Buddha, that is: The Four Events and Four Where The Magic Happen - They are: Place of Magic in Sravasti (Savatthi, Xa-defense), Place of Buddha House from the realms of heaven to earth in Sankasya , Where Buddha Nalagiri Crazy Elephant restaurant in Rajagaha (Rajagrha) and Place monkeys offering honey to Buddha in Vesali .
(D) The Buddha is Preach
Statue of Buddha in sitting posture preached Zhuan Falun ( Dhammacakka mudra ) is one of the most beautiful sculptures of the art Gupta .
Famous sculpture is a gift donated by King Kumaragupta , who reigned from 414-455 years after BA. Halo on top is engraved with the design pattern and two Angels in the corner 2. Facade under the insole is 7 sculptures. This figure represents seven 5 people are listening to preaching austerity, the Empress and her son who was kneeling to pay homage to the Wheel of the Law.
A photograph of this Buddha is preaching in making the cover of the book " Dhammapada " ( The Dhammapada ) of K. Sri Dhammananda him.
(10) Great Bodhi Society (Maha-Bodhi Society)
Merit restore Sarnath became a living is his shrine monks guardian Anagarika Dharmapala , the founder of the Great Bodhi Society of India. He founded the Great Bodhi Society in Sarnath, left office Monastery Mulagandhakuti Vihara , besides the schools of the University of Bo-De, colleges, libraries, schools, Ni. Then the Great Bodhi Society also built a hospital to care for indigent patients around Sarnath.
(11) The Temple & Monastery in Sarnath
There are many temples and monasteries were built in several centuries at the Sarnath, where pilgrims should also visit.
They are: Burma Temple, Chinese Temple, Temple Japan, Korea Temple, Thailand Temple and 3 Tibetan Monastery .
Burmese monastery was called Dhammacakka Vihara (monastery Zhuan Falun) was established by His Chandramani from Kushinagar . Currently, the venerable abbot Wannadhaza U , a Burmese monk, who has many years in Sarnath. Later, the temple was built to add a guest house for pilgrims to stay when visiting Sarnath. END=NAM MO AMITABHA BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH GIAC TAM.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN LOTUS MONASTERY=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.23/2/2017.
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