THIRD PLACE lean on them
(TAM REGULATION)

In Buddhist countries who follow the Buddha's teaching themselves to be loyal to him and his teachings liberated by the ancient way, simple but very moving  rely  on the Three Jewels: Buddha, Dharma and Sangha.

"Nuong thanks", as the expression of this metaphor itself suggests, the action should be conscious to know, not just believe in the declaration of belief or ritual theory habits of traditional piety . Place rely exists, but we have to go with it by our own efforts. It will not come to us by itself, while we're at peace. Buddha, as he often claimed, only a teacher, "directions." Therefore, it makes sense to lean on the faith in Buddhism (saddhà),  is in first place conscious act of will and determination on the goal of liberation. In this way the concept of faith as just passively wait to be "saving grace" was rejected.

In the Pali commentaries have a significant question that rely wording means move, add, meaning "to know" and "understand". This point is only second aspect rely - that is as conscious act of  understanding . Thus calculated credulity and blind faith based on external authority were rejected.

Notation emphasizes this aspect by describing the state of mind to lean on as not rely on others  (aparapaccaya).  In many opportunities the Master warned his disciples not to accept doctrines just because trust to him, but only after contemplation, practice and personal experience. Here you can just reminiscing famous texts KAlama villagers: "Do not let the traditions, the rumors or the ancient scriptures handed down, the words are narrated, the mere theory, biases, or words seem reasonable person, lead lost and not sure because homage think: 'the hermit This is my master! " (AN 3:65)

It is the understanding of the three provisions of the act implies rely. Key insights that answer the following questions: Is this in our world truly is where the danger and misery so that there is the need to find where to lean on it? Such rely place really exist? And thanks to the nature of what is homeless?

There are many who do not see the need to lean on. Too pleased with themselves and happy with small, transitory life, they are completely convinced that "in life all good."They do not wish or can not afford, to look beyond their narrow horizons. For them there is no Buddha nor any other religious teacher has not yet appeared. But the vast majority of humanity knew very well, by the bitter experience of their own, the face of the harsh and brutal life only temporarily concealed by masks friendly. There are others who are fully aware of the real experience the same type, in addition to the experience of yourself by observing other lives. And there are some people less likely ponder the wisdom of experience and observation. Especially those later "little dust cover their eyes," life appears as a vast ocean of misery unfathomable depths, its surface being swimming around for a while, or drive around in tiny fragile shelter which they are very proud of.

In fact, there are reassuring mantra on the sea while running on the beach enjoy the quiet, or to prove and enjoy the power of the human body by a long swim. But those who have eyes and heart liberal is not a short delay times this deception: they know the nature of the sea fierce storm swept once, swirling currents and dangerous area, love the demons and monsters six. They know that, even in the most preferred conditions, the strength of the human fragility will quickly exhausted by the impact of the irresistible power of life. The vicissitudes of life without the opportunity for sustained forever, throughout the endless string of changes, even the lowest level of happiness, even the lowest standards of moral values. There is nothing to gain by again crossed oceans expand countless lives, in any of its domain. Only repeating the same nonsense of the ups and downs and the ebb tide. Being confronted with the ever-present danger of his life and by the status of its vital monotony, will only the screaming to rely place in the hearts and minds ever really grasp its situation in life . Where to lean on a great demand throughout life and "go with it" a healthy action required by the situation.

But, in order to recognize the necessity of it, thanks refuge from misadventures in life really exist? Buddhists assert and prove it by the assertion that nothing is just cynical pessimist. Where to lean on that person walked into the triad: the Buddha, his doctrine (France) and the Church of St. Sangha. What is the most precious and most pure, that has been called "Jewels." But the fact that it provides the last refuge and not only thanks to the temporary shelter, those who lean on them may prove only to themselves, by actually reached by the last refuge of inner understanding of themselves.

Jewels have objectively real phenomenon like the idea or ideal is not affected by human emotions long as it is known and cherish. Even in that method certainly is the source Jewels lasting benefits and active for life. But it was moved from the idea is not affected by human emotions to where individuals rely only to the extent it is understood in the person's heart and is expressed in one's own life. Therefore, objectively real phenomenon of Jewels in the typical nature of it as a place to lean on can not prove to others. Each must find out where to lean on his own with this in one's own efforts.Refuge by becoming and development of processes to go to it.

By effort, and homemade ardent end 
position Let the islands themselves do 
not have any possible floods buried. 
- Dhp. v.25

Place rely exists for us only so far as it inside ourselves and the corresponding reaction to it. Therefore, the Chinese Sixth Patriarch said: " Let each one of us refuge in our interior!"

Related to rely first place, the Buddha, the Master said to himself, briefly after his enlightenment:

Like us, they will be the ones to conquer 
he has reached the end of all afflictions. 
- MN 26 (Ariyapariyesana Sutta)

Related to rely place Monday, in France, the Buddha said shortly before he passed away:

Be the island to yourselves, be the main place for the child to lean on! Do not get any other place to lean on! Let the French island is yours, go to France is the place of the child to lean on! Do not get any other place to lean on! - DN 16 (Mahaparinibbana Sutta Sutta)

In literature glossary is said, is related to a different segment, but with the appropriate right just quoted:

France called the "self" ( attā) , because, in the case of the wise, France is no different with the people there and because it is associated with the phenomenon of a person's own real  (Note Award, Mahasatipatthana Sutta).

Homeless by Tuesday, Tang, is the Church of Saints disciples, is exemplary cause great inspiration to emulate. Where real platform is the ability to rely inherent in all beings become one of the noble creatures were formed where the purity of Increase lean on.

Now we are back to the topic of understanding Tuesday to rely implied, absolute nature of the refuge by Trinity (Three Refuges) this.

We've seen places rely become achievable only by way of the roots are alive, with its true foundation in mind inadequate. As the lotus of life living in secular countries; in which it developed and which it takes nutrition. But something was still submerged in the ocean secular / time saved and suffering can not be the absolute refuge thanks, safety and happiness. It is not the only relief, which ultimately also have to move the treacherous life, fear and grief, as the lotus that grows on the water and the water is still not covered. Therefore great place to lean on in the way that traditional superpower nature -  lokuttara,  exceeding world

Thus rely first place is not the hermit Gotama, but Buddha as the personification of Enlightenment has reached the world.

In Beijing Vimamsaka are talking about saints disciples: "He believed in the enlightenment of the Buddha" (MN 47).

French homeless by Monday's image is not fuzzy theory, fragmentary or even distorted as reflected in the life of the mind is not freed. France's main trade route and the destination of France's great nirvana. Notation stressed that the nature of which rely ultra Monday by saying that France, as the object to study, including the homeless thanks to an extent that the legal system is perfect knowledge gained on the the road to liberation.

Increase lean on Tuesday where not all churches including monks, have all emasculate of each member of it and have a share of the defects associated with any organizations of people . Which is the Church of St. disciple monks are combined by the task could not find four floors of achieving liberation. In other words, there is also the nature superpower: assurance can progress to the heights of the world has reached the heart of the holy and pure.

Thanks to the understanding of the needs of this trinity, real phenomenon and the nature of where to lean on, rely on action became clear  awareness of the importance.

Understanding and awareness of the importance of this strong foundation formed Tuesday, ways feelings of refuge, there are three aspects: trust, devotion and love.Understanding the real phenomenon of the homeless by providing a platform for strong faith and with good reason, for the composure of certainty in my heart and power of persuasion. The understanding of the need for refuge by making instill an unwavering devotion to it. And awareness of the importance of nature filled the hearts supernatural love for great things are possible formation. The trust is steadfast in faith; devotion is to tolerate the efforts and patience of faithful service; love stems more exciting elements, enthusiasm and joy. Within the meaning of these three elements, the action also rely knew of  faith  wise.

Now we define the refuge as action  knows of will towards liberation, based on understanding and inspire faith;  or in short:  the action knew of the decision, getting realize the importance and devotion.

Three aspects of this refuge have their respective side of the face there is a will, rationality and emotions of the human heart. How to develop a harmonious personality, to cultivate these three sides is required.

The will, aware of the importance of faith and support each other in their common task.The will turn into purposeful action, freed from the barren faith and the dangers of emotional indulgent; it prevents from intellectual understanding that the temporary stop is only theoretical evaluation. The will keep the energy and discipline of both emotion and reason in the actual application. Recognizing the importance for the guidance wills and methods; it provides control of excesses of faith and give it its true content. Faith kept from sagging back willpower, and are vital and purposeful action in the intellectual understanding.

The presence of these three aspects is the highlight of the Buddhist faith indeed. In the concept of faith, such as is found in many other religions in the world, emotional aspects of stress tend to be too big expense will and awareness of the importance. Faith against too much emphasis on such emotions, Buddhism moved from the beginning of the Order of collective spirit towards the pure and perfect, to the harmonious development of spiritual base. Therefore, seek refuge thanks to the action of the real meaning of it is done only if it has links to at least a minimum level of purpose and will to realize the true importance . Only in that case will have the qualities of faith "seed" is the Buddha prescribed for it, that seed will grow more fruitful. Factors wills in which the seed of faith will grow until maturity of desire liberation uncontainable  (muncitukamyata-nana),  one of the high stage of development of insight  (vipassana).  Factor aware of the importance of the original true faith will grow into penetrating intellect and finally transfer the guarantees of the inner faith knows exactly been awarded by the realization.

Refuge by reading without thinking how that reduces the dignity of venerable ancient practice. Deprived of real importance and effectiveness of the refuge. "Refuge" it is the expression of true heart inner urge, in the same way that, in normal life, he may be motivated by an awareness of the great danger to find just where to lean on safe.

When the refuge, he always kept in mind the implications of this action, as outlined above. At the same time, this would be the orders of the benefits of mindfulness training.He should always wondered how the action of the current medical practice can turn into the time of the will and awareness of the importance. Seeing the house of our lives on fire, will not only secure and pray that the escape freedom is, if not actually move to get out. The first step in the direction of safety and refuge of freedom is the right way, as clear action decisions, awareness and importance really wholeheartedly.

Literature annotated document maintains quarterly ancient Buddhist practice thoughtfully and only consider including those devout old refuge. Document refers to four different methods of refuge, a representative method by reading a special way of its own, each method began to be committed at different levels. Are classified in the order on time, all four of them started to prostrate with reverence, toward the acceptance of disciples and accepted as the ideal Jewels directing, and culminated in the completion full submission. The method starts with the sentence "From now on ...," marking the first day read as starting a new period in the life of the devotees and stressed that personal dedication and clear as demonstrated excellent qualities other than vague ritual. Three ways lower end with "So expect him to recognize me!" call witnesses, to claims that have importance firm and solemn oath ceremony. Both methods refuge begin and end repeated commitment earliest expression reported in the texts: "I take refuge Gotama Buddha, Dharma and merit Increase! Mong Gotama Buddha recognition access to the child as male / female! From now on, until the whole life, I have taken refuge! "

From the way that it's clear that the ancient devotees have set out and use them very sensitive deeply influenced by the refuge. They grasp the apparently simple act this as the most significant step away their decision, requiring the sacred sacred responsibility.By means of the special features they require four types of own choice clearly, we protect the process of degradation of refuge from the daily routine and be able to do it in service development strength and dedication earnest. Gradual structural changes show that the ancients conscious that refuge actually completed only by complete self surrender Jewels, without any public reticence. Inferior to the methods of this action, still regarded as ego is retained; is the refuge has conservatively. However, this method is less determined steps toward the highest, and so consciously cultivated. When in the development of inner harmony yet, this is also a higher level does not exclude lower levels attracted it in its wider compass. While trying to get a better portrait of the four methods that, then we'll start low and work up to the highest level.

1) The first method of refuge is  revered by prostrate  ( panipata),  is expressed by the way: "From now on I will reverently greet, serve and pay homage devoted only to Germany Buddha, the Dharma and the Patriarch. so expect him to recognize me! "Revered as mental attitude, and express him honor by physical and verbal, resulting from the recognition and appreciation of something higher than ourselves. To break up the crust first and hardest of pride and self-satisfied ignorance that does not know any better about the ego of his own tiny. When encountering something higher, the animals and people who have not developed, though "Primitive" or "civilization", often react by not believe, scared, hiding, attacking, resentment, hostility or persecution; because they can see that higher forms of life just like something strange, and therefore distrust. The main signs of the human mind is actually developed to meet the higher things, it deserves respect, admiration, and desire to compete. Therefore, recognition and admiration for higher things is a prerequisite of spiritual development, and respect that truly results also form the basis of moral education.

To this reason, the relationship of man with the highest thing, Jewels, true homage comes first. When taking refuge, homage is the spontaneous expression of deep respect felt when becoming aware of the existence and importance of which rely. It is easy emotional reaction of gratitude, devotion and joy to feel the full weight of all the great events that actually have a place to lean on suffering from this universe. Thus, the method annotated this refuge is illustrated by the familiar act of reverence by devotees endorsement, but by proselytizing very touched by a person older brahmin, stirring profoundly, prostrate themselves before the Buddha, and embrace his feet.

Typical respect for the feelings of the refuge, the refuge aspect of action known as faith.Through honesty and humility, reverence action by body, speech and mind begin to disciple touched speechless for fully automatic submission. It is an indispensable step towards that, but, lack of attention to the awareness of the importance and determination, it requires two additional later stage.

2) While still revered as one-way relationship, and far away from the Most High, the devotees remain outside the shrine, the next step -  acceptance of the disciples (sissa bhav'upagamana)  - lead him over the threshold. Disciple declared "From today onwards I was a disciple of the Buddha, Dharma and merit Increase. So expect him to recognize me!" and through this declaration to rely (refuge) supreme intellect, open to such person's influence seeping into it.

Reverence and humility required sooner by heart really longed respect disciple's right to enter the intellectual mecca. Only the conditions in which the attitude of respect  guru , spiritual mentor of the Orient, from imparting knowledge, the first when these qualities indicate that the disciple is ready to receive.

If homeless due to receive in the sense of the disciple, life becomes regular action learning, adapt to mind the standards established by the Buddha, Dharma and merit raises Increase. The main character of the wise are always ready and eager to learn.Learning process established mutual relationship between teachers, teaching and pupil, is inextricably linked as far as gradually and that happens like that, and students can absorb and intellectual mentor making it's own game.

The typical student accepted for the reason of the refuge, the action here is to know the importance. It provides full and the reasons for the action satisfies reverence, and in ways that added strength and loyalty dedication. But people are not always the pious or learned. There exists a lot in life that can not be easily penetrated only by faith and the awareness of importance. Requires willpower and unyielding determination, skill and long experience, to change the course of the familiar variety of life into the direction of where to lean on. Tasks do this refuge center that person's life is done by third method of refuge.

3) In this third level, students receive  three jewels as his guiding ideal (tapparayanata), publicly stated "From today onwards the Buddha is my guiding ideal, and too Holiness and Increased faith. so expect him to recognize me! " While performing this form of refuge, practitioners depend promised myself, step by step, all the major activities of human life on the ideals embodied in the Three Jewels. Disciple swear apply his strength into the task with the seal of this sacred trinity seal up his personal life and on the environment, too, how far students can pass the resistance present. Three provisions in aspects like the ideal direction and determinants of life, calls for complete dedication in the area of external actions.

But this dedication towards serving Jewels is not the highest form of refuge. Still exists in the minds of followers the difference between a noble goal and work for that goal.Ego chimera been retained: it makes the job joy at success and failure causes grief. In subtle ways, instead of the three jewels, the work itself becomes refuge thanks. If not completely assimilate and work ego, ego, as it were, hidden in their work and avoiding the call completely surrender this place really rely. The progress on this step is possible only if the ideal serving Steering is done in an independent way high, do not expect any reward.

4) This independent attitude towards work will be one of many results of the last step: fully automatic submission Jewels  (attasanniyyatana) . This form of refuge life are people who choose not to leave any reason for reticence. But also, in some sense, not ask for anything; because if you really aware of the importance as told in advance for us that nothing can be achieved in the cycle, the objective aspects of the self, then nothing can be lost by the surrender of the ego , the subjective aspects of reincarnation.However, thanks to this submission is only ego submission of ignorance, is the sacrifice is very arduous, as we all know. But if we ever desire freedom from all hindrances tied of reincarnation, at other times, this or this self-surrender must have been made, and so it can be done today as well as tomorrow.

The highest award earned only by the highest principles, with the sacrifice of ego vain to admit it had so much energy that it requires the best effort to break. In order to lean on them by submission, students will follow the example of Tier Arhat in the most humble of them, in the last great battle before his Enlightenment, his opponents express inner being personified as Mara, with the following words: "It's grass  munja  I wear! should be embarrassed for life! I'd rather die in battle than to continue to live as though they were defeated!" (SNP. V. 440). Grass is munja helmet crests of ancient Indian soldiers during the fight with a vow to "fight or die." It also should be the symbol of the warrior spirit. If any reticence, reluctance and regret any retained, will only try hearted instead concentrate on their own efforts can bring victory.

If an important step of the refuge by self-surrender had once done, gentle feeling, no worries and no fear going into the heart of the disciples. Ego have left can not and do not need to have any fear of death had been abandoned and now only continue to trust aims to determine the use to the highest realizations. Thus, in the early days of the French, while those who have decided to center on "aspects of mental activity", select subjects of meditation are practiced to A-to-drought, will start work by oath they themselves submit, as recommended in the following pages of Magga (Visuddhimagga III, 123-127):

After approaching Friend Sublime (ie teacher), yogis should first submit the Buddha himself, Tier Arhat, or his teacher, and then, with strong desire and determination, he should ask for the topic of meditation. The surrender of the ego to the Buddha he should be as follows: "Existence is this child's personal, I offer to You, Tier Arhat!" For one, not surrendering the ego like that, living in solitary places will not have the ability to stand firm against those who approached him frightening. He could return to the village, and, combined with the villager, can make an improper search and led to depressed. But for those who surrendered his ego, without any fear of being run over, even if access to the object frightful. Only joy arises in that position, when he visualizes: "Oh, intellectual man, on the day before so I did not surrender myself to the Buddha?

And again, when surrendering myself to the teacher, he should say, "Dear Mr. White, I offer to you! Kiep this my personal life," Since no such surrender ego, he will be unruly, stubborn, unwilling to accept advice; he would wander the will of the person without the permission of the teacher. And the teachers will not have the privilege of helping physically or mentally, and will not only teach what he in the book difficult. Do not get this privilege of two types, one will not have virtue and return to secular life.

Taking refuge in this self-surrender, of course, will be far from complete elimination neo ego and self-deception, but it was an effective means leading to that end. It could mark the transition from refuge secular or mundane that it still belongs, through targeted supramundane refuge that purpose.

Refuge by self-surrender to the text are annotated by the following formula:

"From today onwards the self-surrender to the Buddha, Dharma and merit Boost. For Arhat level I consecrate my ego, I consecrate my ego for Holiness, I consecrate ego Increase her for merit. I would like to dedicate my life to the Triple Gem. I go for refuge to the Buddha for life. Buddha is my refuge thanks, my shelter, where the protection of children, and Holiness and virtue Increase too. "

Even in its outward form, this method differs refuge three previous methods which lack a call to witness the end, "So expect him to recognize me!" From this point we can conclude that the most solemn of all oaths that are selected in the secrecy of the human mind, as appropriate to the sacredness of the determination. Here the presence of the witness as a kind of moral support for keeping the oath should not be required anymore;Such demands will only prove the immaturity to perform this step. Any further public statement belittling only supreme dignity of the oath, and shall adhere to harder by making themselves known disciple or even pride. Needless to say, the oath expresses the liberation will defeat its purpose, by resetting the ego has been surrendered.

Longer way of self-surrender extended brief sentence in  Visuddhimagga  first time been translated into Western languages. Its original Pali also seems to evoke little attention in our times. If we reproduce that way here, we will do so with the hope that it will be received respectfully by precious materials ancient devotion, sanctified by the efforts and achievements surely those who practice them. We add most earnestly request that it not be used lightly common purpose, and that this oath is not done hastily surprised by the enthusiasm is not expected. This solemn oath should be done only after testing the strength and perseverance of that person for a long time by the compliance and small detachment. We should beware of those things that most of the non-sense and ordinary respected by their approach in the way too easy, by talking too glib about them, or by holding them in your hand and drop them down again when all interested or weak fingers became tired. Therefore, if we are not sure of our strength, we should not make the strict demands of self-surrender, which should take refuge in ways that are less strict.Likewise for this man will prove to be the powerful support for the higher spiritual achievement.

While using smart path that devoted four ways of the ancients, we will preserve the most common legal practice in the Buddhist world, from the refuge becomes bland and not impressed. We will be able to turn it into the life line unyielding dedication of the dedication that someday will lead us to the Pure Islander. Finally, to Nirvana, where the refuge and peace as a place of refuge.

-ooOoo-

-  8 -

Four boundless

Introductory

Quartet immeasurable Buddha taught are:

- From  (Metta)
-  Bi  (Karuna)
-  Hy  (Mudita)
-  Discharge  (upekkhà)

In Pali, the language of the Buddhist scriptures this four is known as  Brahma-Vihāra .This term can be translated: great heart, lofty or sublime or may choose as the realm of Brahma, as god or gods realm.

Four said that this attitude is  excellent  or  sublime  because they have manners or being ideal for  (sattesu sammā patipatti).  In fact, we provide the answer to all situations arising from communication with society. They are wonderful people displaced stress, people bring peace precious in social conflict, and the wonderful people who heal the wounds suffered in the struggle of human lives. They razed the social boundaries, build harmonious communities, generous awake long asleep, recovering the joy and light of hope had left long ago, and promoting fraternity among people against the forces of selfishness.

Quartet immeasurable incompatible with hatred heart, and in the same breath that they are Brahma, the gods are just temporary ruler of the higher heavens in space portrait of Buddhist tradition. Contrary to many other concepts of gods, East and West, by their own devotees are said to show anger, anger, jealousy and "righteous indignation," Brahma rid spokes hate; and who diligently develop these immeasurable quartet, with manners and meditation, is said to be equal to Brahma  (brahma-Samo) . If they become influential in mind, he will be reborn in the appropriate realm, the realm of Brahma, that of consciousness known  as Scripture (God-like), as Brahma (Brahma-like) .

We called the  shelter (Vihāra)  because they should become permanent shelter of mind where we feel "at home"; they should not be held only as a place rarely visited briefly, soon forgotten. In other words, our mind should be completely soaked by the Quartet immeasurable. We should become a distant companion can not our way, and we should be mindful of them in all activities of our common. As all Compassion Beijing, Songs From the Heart says:

When walking, standing, lying, sitting 
still awake Ever 
compassionate Keep this concept 
often pure mind and body 
administrative violation is here. 
(Venerable Vien Minh translation)

Four of consciousness - love, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity - are also known as  the infinite mind (appamanna),  because, in the perfection and their true nature, they should not be limited by any restrictions applicable to sphere of beings to whom they are scattered about. They should not be excluded and impartial, not bound by preference or selection bias. Mind the boundless reaches of discounts that will not stay hidden any hatred on ethnic, racial, religious or any class.

But unless the roots of the natural relationship and strong with heart attitude like that, definitely will not be easy for us to apply effectively unbounded by the vigilant efforts of the will and to steadfastly avoid any type or extent of any bias. To do so, in most cases, we will have to use these four qualities not only as principles of behavior and the object of thinking reflects, but also with the theme of meditation measures. Meditation is called  Brahma-Vihāra-bhāvanā , the development of the mind sublime meditation. With the help of this center, practical purpose is to achieve higher levels of concentration which called  jhāna , "meditation." Meditation on kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy can arise each reaching the first three floors of meditation, the meditation on equanimity will only lead to Fourth meditation, in which the discharge is the most important factor.

Generally, persistent meditation will be effective two honors: first, these qualities will make four deep in our heart becomes almost spontaneous attitudes not easily overturned;the second will happen and ensure their boundless expansion, opened areas, including all of them.

In fact, the detailed instructions given in the Buddhist scriptures on the four topics of meditation this is determined to gradually open up infinite properties of the sublime state of mind. They systematically break down all barriers restricting their application to the individual or any particular place.

In the practice of meditation, to choose who to send to the heart of love, compassion and joy guidance, the process is easier to harder words. For example, when meditating on loving-kindness, he began to pray for yourself is healthy, use it as a point of contact to expand gradually: "Just as I wish to be happy and free from suffering pain, too eager creatures  that , wish all beings be happy and free from suffering! " Then he spread the ideology of kindness to whom he has reverence love, like, for example, teachers; then very loving people, to those who are indifferent, and finally to the enemy, if any, or those disliked. By this meditation relates to the happiness of life, he should not choose people who have died; he should also avoid choosing people that he has feelings of sexual attractiveness.

Once he has the ability to cope with the toughest tasks, from its radial to the distaste, now he "breaking barriers"  (SIMA-sambheda) . There is no distinction between four types of people that he should extend his kindness to them equally. At that point of the practice he will to the higher concentration of floors: with the emergence of the image - reflection  (patibhaganimitta) , will reach "close to"  (upacara-samādhi)  and further progress will lead to please specify  (appana)  of meditation, and meditation to the higher floors.

Regarding the expansion of space, the practice starts with those in their immediate environment such as his family, then extended to the neighbors, to the streets, provincial, national, countries and the entire world. In radiate in all directions, "from his mind toward the east first, then to the west, north, south, the next instruction, instruction in and towards the bottom.

These principles similar practice applied to the development of compassion meditation, joy and equanimity, with appropriate changes in the choice of people. The details of the practice will be found in the text (see  Visuddhimagga, Chapter IX).

The ultimate purpose of the acquisition of the Four Immeasurable jhaanas this center is to create mental states can serve as a solid foundation for the insight into the true nature of all phenomena, as impermanent, capable of being made to suffer and there is no liberation. Tam has attained the status because the supernatural will bring fresh, quiet, strong, independent and free from gross selfishness. Thus it will be prepared for the final release can be completed by Zen wisdom.

The previous comments show that there are two ways to develop supernatural mind: first by the actual behavior and thoughts towards adaptation; and second by methodical meditation aimed at the floor meditating. Each method has proved useful to each other.Methodical meditation helps kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity to become spontaneous. It helps calm the mind strong and endure a lot more in a state of agitation in their lives to test us maintain these four qualities in thoughts, words and actions.

On the other hand, if the actual behavior of the states that are operating this more sublime, the mind will be less hidden resentment, tension, and irritability, the recoil often invade our planet in fact during the hours of meditation; only on condition that the distance between them is continually narrowing will have the opportunity to make steady progress in meditation and to achieve the highest purpose of our practice.

The development of the mind sublime meditation will be supported by repeated reflection on their qualities, they get benefits and dangers from the opposite side of them. As the Buddha said, "What people think and reflect for a long time, his mind will look forward to and fond of it."

Basic Texts of the four boundless from the texts of the Buddha

(I)

Behold, O monks, here pervasive resident disciple one direction with his heart full of compassion, too direction Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday; too oriented on, under and around your direction; he stay radiate everywhere in life and heart filled evenly with compassion, abundant, well-developed, immeasurable, free from hostility and escape disaster.

(II)

Behold, O monks, here pervasive resident disciple one direction with his heart full of compassion, too direction Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday; so the direction above, below and around; he stay radiate everywhere in life and equally with his heart full of compassion, abundant, well-developed, immeasurable, free from hostility and escape disaster.

(III)

Behold, O monks, here pervasive resident disciple one direction with his heart full of joy, too direction Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday; so the direction above, below and around; he stay radiate everywhere in life and equally with his heart full of joy, abundance, well-developed, immeasurable, free from hostility and escape disaster.

(IV)

Behold, O monks, here pervasive resident disciple one direction with a selfless heart full of heart, too direction Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday; so the direction above, below and around; he stay radiate everywhere in life and heart filled evenly with a selfless heart, abundant, well-developed, immeasurable, free from hostility and escape disaster.

Shop about four boundless

I. Compassion ( Metta)

Kindness , no desire to own or know of absolutely no sense of ownership and the owners: this is the  heart of  the highest

Compassion,  not talking and thinking about "me", well aware that the so-called "I" this is just an illusion.

Kindness,  no selection and exclusion, knowing that doing so means creating a contrast with the compassion: dislike, aversion, hatred.

Kindness,  encompasses all beings: small and large, far and near, above ground, underwater or in space.

Compassion,  inclusion unbiased all beings, and not only those who are useful, as they are satisfied or delighted.

Kindness , encompasses all beings, with or abjection noble heart, good or bad. Those noble and well covered by the  kindness  of their spontaneous flow. People with heart and mind despicable evil be included because they are people who need  kindness  the most. Many of them good seed may have died just because it lacks warmth to grow, as it has been destroyed because of the coldness of the world without compassion.

Kindness , encompasses all beings, know that all of us are all the people you travel through this life cycle - that all of us were defeated by the same law of suffering.

Compassion,  but not the fire burning senses, scorched and suffering, forced to bear more than its wound healing - now booming, the next moment being extinguished, leaving behind the cold and loneliness than was felt before.

Rather,  compassion  lie as soft but firm hand on beings who are suffering, ever unchanged in its feelings, without wavering, not concerned with the response it gets. Compassion  is calm comfort to those suffering fire with fire and frenzy, which is brought to life the warmth to those who have been abandoned in the desert cold, lonely, to those who are shivering in the winter of life without love; to those who have heart seemed to become empty and dry by calls for assistance in a row, by the deepest despair.

Compassion,  which is the heart and mind noble sublime known, understood and ready to help.

Compassion , which  is  the power and  the  strength: this is the  heart of  the highest

Kindness,  be Enlightened named "the heart of liberation", "the most sublime beauty": this is the highest compassion.

And represents  kindness  What is the highest?

To show life path to end suffering, His path, Tier Arhat, Buddha pointed out, stomped on and realized to perfection.

II. Compassion  (Karuna: compassion)

Life is suffering. But most people blindly headphones. They do not see the tears flowing incessantly throughout life; they do not hear the cries of misery spread throughout the earth in succession. Sorrow or joy so little of their own eyes and deaf ears to block them.Bound by selfishness, their heart becomes stiff and narrow. Being rigid and narrow-minded, how they are able to strive for any purpose any more, to get rid of the perception that only selfish craving will perform free from their own suffering?

Main  compassion that  moved the heavy sure, open to the free, narrow-minded hearts as wide open as the whole world.  Compassion  taken out the heart weight stagnation, paralysis clumsy nature, it gives wings to those who cling to the lowlands of self.

Through  compassion  painful event still vivid in our minds out, even at times when we personally get rid of it. It gives us the rich experience of suffering, so we have to cultivate when experiencing suffering, has been prepared, at the suffering to happen to us.

Compassion  reconciled us to our own fate by showing us the lives of others, often much more difficult time of our lives.

Seeing the endless caravan of beings, human and animal, heavy grief! The burden of each one of them, we also bring in the distant past time throughout the unfathomable sequence of repeated birth and death. Let's see this, and open your heart to  invite compassion!

And this misery can stay true to our own destiny! Those who now have no compassion, one day you will cry out for it. Without compassion for others, it will have to get through the traumatic experience and his long-term. This is a crucial principle in life.Knowing this, let's continue to guard your own mind!

Beings, immersed in ignorance, lost in delusion, hurried from this suffering state suffering through another state, do not know the real cause, do not know a way out of it.The insight into the general rule of suffering is real foundation of  compassion that  we, not any particular event format.

Since then  compassion  will also include those who can be happy now but to act with evil mind and self-deception. In their current actions we will foresee the future situation of their misery and  compassion  will arise.

Compassion  of people do not use their intellect was the victim of suffering. Thoughts, words and actions he compassionate, but his mind was originally taken, without wavering, it is still clear and calm. He should have the ability to help other?

Mong  compassion  arises in the mind like us!  Compassion,  ie the great nobility of soul and intellectuals to know, to understand them and are ready to help.

Compassion  is  the strength and  the  power: this is the  compassion  highest.

And the highest indicative of what compassion is?

To show life path to end suffering, His path, Tier Arhat, Buddha pointed out, stomped on and realized to perfection.

III. HY  (Mudita : sympathetic joy)

Not only show compassion, but also the  pleasure of sympathy with others  to open their hearts!

In fact, little is sharing happiness and joy for all beings is divided section! Whenever little happiness to them, then you can be happy for at least a glimmer of hope through the darkness of their lives, and dispel the gloomy and melancholic curtain covering their hearts.

Your life would have been sympathetic joy by sharing happiness with others as your own happiness. You've never observed moments of happiness in human face change and become aglow with joy how not? You've never noticed the joy evoked human aspirations and noble actions, unsurpassed capabilities their normal? Are experiences like filling your mind with the happiness joy it? Your main capabilities augment the experience of  sympathy  that, by bringing the happiness of others, by bringing joy and solace to them.

Let us teach real sympathy for others! Many people have not studied it. Life, though full of grief, there are many sources of happiness and joy, not known to the majority. We teach people to search and find real joy in themselves and have fun with others! Let us teach them to open their joy came out great heights than ever!

Joy and great noble is no stranger to the Catechism of the Enlightened One. Sometimes the Doctrine of the Buddha was viewed as the wrong way to spread the doctrine of melancholy. Far from it: the French gradually lead to happiness and noble cleaner than before.

Joy is a noble and wonderful helpers on the way to eradicate suffering. Not only depressed by sorrow, but who have found joy in the morning calm state of mind that leads to meditation. And just pure heart and autonomy have intellectual ability to achieve liberation.

The joy of other people as noble and wonderful, the  pleasure of sympathy  we will own more than legitimate reasons. The reason for  our joy with others  is their noble life assurance for their happiness in this life and in the Futurism. Still nobler cause for  our joy with others  is faith in France, the French understand and practice their French. Let's give them  the help  of the French! Let us strive to become increasingly likely to respond to such assistance!

Sympathetic joy  means great nobility of spirit and wisdom to know, to understand them and are willing to help.

Sympathetic joy is  the power and  the  strength: this is the highest joy.

And represents the highest of joy What is empathy?

To show life path to end suffering, the path is pointed out, stomped on and realized to perfection by Him, Tier Arhat, Buddha.

IV. ORDER IN  (upekkhà: discharge)

Liberation  is the perfect balance, the mind unshakable, has roots in understanding throughout.

Looking at the world around us, and look into our soul, it is clear that it is difficult to achieve and maintain mental balance.

Looking at the life we ​​notice it constantly switching between opposites How: successes and failures, up and down, gain and loss, praise and blame.

We feel our mind meets all these things with happiness and sorrow, pleasure and frustration, satisfaction and dissatisfaction, hope and fear. This emotional waves toss us up and threw us down; that we find the right accommodation rather than in the capacity of the new wave. How can we expect to keep your balance on the waves? How can we build our life in the ocean does not stop the life, if not above Islander Independence?

Life is divided section where beings of happy little almost guaranteed after repeated depression, failure and dashed hopes.

Life where only the courage to start again, again and again, promising success;

Life where little joy flashed between illness, separation and death;

Where new life beings with our relations with  sympathetic joy  a short time ago, while later the need for  compassion  our - lives like that required  self in.

But the kind of liberation requires based on the presence of mind carefully, not in the dim half-heartedly. It must be the result of the Order of rigorous, careful, not the random effects of transient states. But in order not worthy of its name if it is generated by the sales efforts forever. In such cases it will certainly be weakened and eventually knocked out by the vicissitudes of life. However, in true self will be able to confront all challenges and demanding restoration of its power from internal sources. It will have the capacity and self-healing resistance only if knowledge is rooted in meditation.

Now, what is the nature of wisdom? That is the clear understanding of all the vicissitudes of life beginning how, and the true nature of ourselves. We must understand that the different experiences we have gone through our business results - our actions in thought, word and deed - practiced in this life and in previous lives. Now is the womb from which we came ( kamma-yoni),  and whether we like it or not, we are "the masters" inalienable by our deeds ( kamma-ssaka) .  But even when performing any action, we lose control of karma: it will take forever to us and certainly come back to us as the successor in time  (kamma-dayada).  No what happened to our earth from hostile "outside" alien to our own; everything is a result of mind and our own actions. Thanks to this knowledge frees us from fear, it is the first platform of self in. When anything happens to us, the only encounter in ourselves, why should we be afraid?

However, if fear or uncertainty arise up, we know where it's refuge can be calm: our good deeds  (kamma-patisarana).  By this refuge, faith and courage will grow in us - faith in the capacity to support the good work we have done in the past; now courageously perform better jobs, despite the hardships of life discourage our present.Because we know that the noble deeds and selfless provide the best protection against the bitter blow of fate, that it's never too late but always time for good deeds. If the refuge thanks to do good and avoid evil, becomes firmly established in us, one day we will feel for sure: "More and stop suffering and evil have roots in the past. And life this present - we try to do without a stain and clean. the future could bring something else than increase the good? " And from the certainty that our mind becomes clear, and we will get the power of patience and self in order to endure adversity with all of us today.Then our actions will be our friends  (kamma-Bandhu).

Likewise, all the different events of our lives are the result of our actions, will also be our friends, even if they bring sorrow to us. Our actions come back to us in the guise that often we can not recognize them. Sometimes our actions come back to us in the way other people treat us, sometimes as a complete change of our life; often results against expectations or contrary to our wills. Such experiences point out the consequences that we do that we did not anticipate; they reply, conscious motives can be seen half-hearted actions of the past that we try to hide ourselves immediately, cover them with a much different reason. If we learn to see things from this perspective, and to read word by the television is moved to our own experience, then, suffering, we also will be you. It would be cool friends, but true and meaningful subjects who teach us the most difficult, understanding ourselves, and warn us against the abyss that we are blindly carry on. By looking at suffering as teachers and our friends we will be successful in more than endure it with liberation. Finally, the doctrine of karma will give us a powerful impetus for us to free himself from now, from doing that again throws us into the suffering of those times reborn over and repeat. Disgust will arise in our own greed, self-deception in ourselves, in our own tendency to create situations to test our strength, our resistance we and our liberation.

The second intellectual property should be based on the order in which the doctrine of selflessness  (anattā) . This theory only in the absolute sense that jobs are done not by any ego, nor have their consequences affect any public ego. Moreover, it's just that without the ego, we can not speak of "our own". It is the deception of the ego creates misery and who conceal or disturbed self in. If these or other qualities of our blame, he thought, "I blame" and the self in shaken. If this work or that failed, he thought: "Our job has failed," and the self in shaken. If property or loved ones lost, he thought: "My Everything lost" and the self in shaken.

To establish the order in such states of mind can not budge, he must abandon all thoughts  owns  "our" , starting with the little things from themselves easily separated from it, and gradually work up to the state that owns and targeting them wholeheartedly cling to. He also must give corresponding parties such thoughts, all  thoughts  of selfish "self,"  began with a small part of his personality, with a few important qualities, with the minor flaws he sees clearly and slowly work up to these feelings and grudges that he considered the center of her life. The same should be separated from the practice.

That we abandon the idea of "our" or "self" in self-will in our hearts. Because how can we be able to realize anything strange and no self made incite our craving, anger and sorrow? Thus the doctrine of selflessness will be the guide us on the path to liberation, to  the self in perfect.

Self at the crown and summit of the four sublime states (quad immeasurable). But this should not be construed mean that the self is the negation of loving kindness, compassion and sympathetic joy (of love, compassion and joy), or that leave them self at the back as the inferior quality. Far from it, self at covers and spreads all over them, as they pass through in perfect self.

The interconnectedness of the four boundless

At that time how this quartet immeasurable pervasive and permeate each other?

Compassion  boundless guard  compassion  turned into anti-bias, prevent it from discrimination by selection and exclusion; Such support it from falling into prejudice or aversion against the excluded.

Kindness  imparted to  self in  its altruism, its boundless nature and even its enthusiasm.For enthusiasm, too, has been transformed and receiver end, is part of the  self in perfect, cultivate its capability to penetrate deep and wise restraint.

Compassion  prevents  love and sympathetic joy  not forget that, while they both enjoy and give happiness temporary and limited, there still exists the most horrible state of suffering in life. It reminds them that their happiness coexist with infinite anguish, perhaps at the next doorway. It is prompted with  kindness and sympathy joy  that there is suffering in life than we have the ability to relieve, that, after the effectiveness of such soothing vanish, grief certainly arise until the pain is completely eradicate at achieving nirvana.  compassion  does not allow  compassion and empathy joy  locked them up with extensive life by themselves imprisoned in limited areas its narrow.  compassion prevents  love and sympathetic joy  from turning into the state of self-satisfaction over the happy pettiness seemed guarded with jealousy.  compassion  stirs and urges compassion  expand its sphere; it stirs and urges  sympathy pleasure  seeking new nutrients. So it helps both of us grow into the true state of infinite  (appamanna: boundless heart)

Compassion  guard  in self  from falling into cold indifference, and keep it out of laziness or selfishness isolation. Until  self in  reaching perfection,  compassion  urges it to enter again and again fight in life, to have the ability to withstand the test, by itself makes it seasoned and steady sure.

Sympathetic joy  keep  compassion  back from becoming overwhelmed by the scenes of suffering in life, from getting it appealing that excluded everything else.  The joy sympathy  for interest relief made less stressful, reduces mild burning pain that the compassionate heart. It keeps  compassion  from brooding melancholy aimlessly, from vain sentimentality and only weakens the power consumption of the heart and mind. The joy of sympathy  as  compassion  develop into emotional dynamic.

Fun sympathy  for  self in  the serenity soothing appearance softens its stern. It's heavenly smile on the face of the Enlightened One, smile steadfast despite profound understanding of the suffering of life, smile for solace and hope, courage and confidence: "The rrong door to liberation is open, "said the same smile.

Self at the  roots of understanding throughout the capacity to guide and restrain the other three sublime states. It shows us the direction to choose, and see that this direction is under.  Count yourself in  guarding  kindness and compassion from  being dispersed in the hopeless quest and out of touch in the labyrinth of emotions unrestrained.  as of liberation,  self-control is prudent for the sake of the ultimate goal, not allowing  joy sympathy  content based on the modest results, forget the true purpose for which we we must strive for.

Self in , means "serenity", for  kindness  sobriety, constant and steadfast loyalty. Endow it great perseverance.  As self in  providing  compassion  with calm, unwavering courage and fearless, making it capable of coping with horrifying abyss of misery and despair to cope with  compassion  boundless and again and again. For the dynamics of  compassion,  self at  the hands calmly and firmly guided wisdom - indispensable for those who want to practice the difficult art of helping others this. And here  in the self  means endurance, endurance devotion to the cause of compassion.

In this way, and another way  in the self  can be said to be the crown and culmination of three other supernatural mentality. Three leading status, if not combined with confidence and understanding throughout, can wear out due to lack of stability factor. The isolated virtue, if not supported by other qualities will give us either consistency or flexibility needs, often degenerates into the typical drawbacks of their own. For example, compassion, no understanding capabilities and transparent, can easily fall into decline just mushy goodness of nature are weak and unreliable. Moreover, these virtues are often isolated like to bring us into the opposite direction to the original purpose of our application and also contrary to the welfare of others. Main strong personality, have considered human virtues tightened into a whole separate systematic and harmonized, in which the individual qualities of the denotes exhibit their best and avoid the slope of trap of their respective weaknesses. And this is the main function of the self in, how it contributes to the ideal relationship between all four sublime states (quad immeasurable).

Self at the perfect calm, unshakable of mind, rooted in understanding throughout. But in essence perfect its inexorable, self in not lethargic, indifferent and cold. Its perfection is not due to "empty" feelings, but "adequate" knowledge, complete in itself. Inexorable nature of it is not of stone estate properties cold numbness, but a manifestation of the highest tensile strength.

Now is the perfect self and unshakable in any way?

Whatever caused the stagnation here is canceled, the stop switch retained, it obscures canceled. Disappearance of whirlwind emotions and the winding of knowledge.Mindstreams serene and dignified freely flowed clean and bright. Mindfulness ( sati)  to harmonize the warmth of faith  (saddhà) with sharp penetrating wisdom ( Panna);  it has a stable strength of will  (viriya)  with calmness of mind  (samādhi) ; and in this spiritual function  (indriya)  developed into five internal resources  (bala)  can not lose anymore.They can not be lost because they do not lose themselves in the labyrinth of life (samsara), the diffusion properties of endless life  (papanca).  The interior of this power stems from the mind and action in this world, but be guarded anniversary, they have not forced ourselves nowhere, and they become not changed. Kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and continue to originate from the mind and actions in this world, but be  self in  custody, where they have not listened, and becomes weaker and does not tarnish.

Thus, in the A-to-drought, Tier Deliverance, do not reduce by him, and he does not become poorer by giving another person's treasure his heart and mind. A-ra-drought ranks as cleverly cropped crystal and clear, not a stain, completely absorbs all the light rays and playing them back, strengthening its concentration. These rays do not stain the crystal has many different colors of them. They can not pierce its hardness, can not harass its harmonic structure. In the clarity and true to its strength, crystal unchanged."Just as all streams of life flow into the mighty ocean, and all countries in which it rained on, but a vast ocean always shows no such increase decrease - the same is the essence of  sanctity Baccalaureate.

Sanctity of liberation, or - likewise we can express - Arah-drought levels endowed sanctity in themselves, which is the inner life. But this inner medium so different than the countless obvious center of the limited areas; that is, the so-called "personality" of them, operating the law, and so on .. All these things are just the obvious center, because they are the heart stops whenever their areas , subject to the law of impermanence, must be completely changed their structure; The last and attractive center, physical or mental, will move. But central inner self of Arah-drought levels unshakable, because it can not be modified. Can not be modified because it does not stick anywhere.

The Master said:

"For the attachment, survival of the movement, but for people who do not cling, no movement. It does not move, there is quiet. Where stillness, no craving. Where there is no craving , do not have to go well no. it is not to not go, there is no destruction nor arise. it does not arise nor destruction is not in this realm is not in the realms above, nor state in the middle . This is the true end of suffering ". (Udana 8: 3)

-ooOoo-

-  9 -

Selflessness and Nirvana

Introductory

"Kaccana, often learning about this world of duality: on (belief in) exist and not exist ... Avoiding these two extremes, the Omniscient Tier doctrines taught in the middle (the middle way): Conditioned by ignorance ... Thanks to terminate birth act of ignorance, act to terminate ... "(SN 12:15)

On Buddha's teachings about duality of existence ( atthita)  and  does not exist (natthita). The two terms are related to the theory usually is  (sassata-ditthi)  and paragraph is ( uccheda-ditthi),  the misconception of reality, in many different forms appear repeatedly in the history of human thought.

Often is  the belief in material or permanent entity, whether conceived as countless soul or ego separate, to be or not to be created, as the soul of monistic world, gods of any every description, or a combination of any of them in the notion nay.Trai again, paragraph is  confirmed the existence of the ego temporarily or individual personality, not completely destroyed or vanish after death. Therefore, the two key words of the text quoted above regarding (1) to the absolute thing, that is: permanent, the existence of any material or physical assumptions, and (2) to that end, the complete destruction of the individual entities conceived as impermanent, that is: the nonexistence of them after their life expires. This concept of two extremes stood and fell with the assumption of stationary objects of nature or is permanent or impermanent. They will lose their base if life is seen in its true nature, as a continuous stream of psycho-physical processes arise from their respective coast - the process would stop only when the coast are converted.This would explain why the text we introduce here the formula of being predestined duodenum  (paṭicca-samuppāda) , and the reverse process, duodenum Removal of conditions.

Cross II predestined  birth , the continuous process, eliminating the assumption of absolute non-existence, or separate existence last vain; conditional terms  by conditions that are not only the existence of absolute independence, not standing still, but quickly faded the arising of phenomena depending on conditions similar fleeting.

Cross II predestined  kill  exclude belief in the existence of absolute and permanent. It also shows that there is no automatic distance in the non-existence, for the cessation of relative existence is also conditional appearance (conditioned).

Thus the doctrine of grace and charm born of this killing is a middle doctrine actually pass two extremes exist and not exist.

However, by thinking of the contrast of concepts such as the existence and non-existence with powerful foothold in humans. Impact so strong foothold by this way of thinking is nourished by regular strong roots deep into the human mind. Their strongest roots is the actual assumptions and theories about the self or ego. The main desire has great strength to maintain and remembered about the personality, or certain types of its subtle, behind all the differences of belief usually is. But even with those who have renounced the dogma or theory usually is, instinctive belief in the importance of the unique and special character they are still so strong that they chose death, the cessation of personality, means the complete cessation or non-existent. Thus the belief in self is responsible not only for typically is, but also about the concept clip is, or in forms not in its usual philosophical view death as the absolute end or in the theory erected materially similar position.

There are other more secondary roots on the notion exists or does not exist this intimate connection with the roots of the ego belief. For example, have roots  in linguistics , including the basic structure of the language (subject and predicate, noun and adjective) and tendency to simplify the identification and negative sentences sake easy communication and orientation. The characteristics of the structure of language and linguistic habits of speech are used simplifies sophisticated influence but strong in our way of thinking, that we tend to assuming that "there must be something if there word for it."

This one-sided notions may also stem from the reasons  due to emotional,  describes the fundamental attitude toward life. We can reflect the mood of optimism or pessimism, hope or despair, desire a sense of security thanks to the support metaphysical, or desire to live without limitations in the universe materialist conception of. The theoretical concept of what used to be held is or piece is by an individual can change a lot during his life, along with the corresponding moods or emotional needs.

Also roots  knowledge : prone to self-defense and the theory of mind. Certain thinkers, people kind of theorizing  (ditthicarita)  in Buddhist psychology, easily inclined to create elaborate systems of different theories which, with great ingenuity, they enable together against the opposing pairs based on the concept. Immensely satisfying about this for those who participate in the construction of such ideology reinforces maintaining that stance.

From this brief review, we will be able to evaluate different strength and power of the human induced to think, feel and speak in this way of contrast: the absolute existence or not absolute. Thus there is good reason to say, in the passage of our introduction, that people  often  learn about duality. We need not be surprised that even Nirvana, liberation goals of Buddhism, each lecture is wrong in the sense of these extremes. But the rigid concepts of existence and non-existence can not admit the value of the dynamic nature of reality. Still fewer people applied to Nirvana, the Buddha declared superpower (lokuttara)  and beyond conceptual thinking  (atakkavacara) .

In the early days, when knowledge of Buddhist teachings just to the West, most of the writers and scholars (with a few exception like Schopenhauer and Max Muller) for Nirvana is  not exist  pure and simple clear. Finally, the Western writers also easily describe Buddhism as nihilistic doctrines taught destruction as its highest purpose, this concept writers denounced as absurd in terms of philosophy and culpable morally.Similar claims are sometimes still appear in the literature are biased beyond Buddhism.Pendulum reaction to this idea was the concept of Nirvana as  the  existence.  Now to be interpreted in the light of familiar notions of religion and philosophy and as physically clean, sound mind pure, pure ego or some other abstract concepts.

But even Buddhist thought can not always keep clearly skewed interpretations of Nirvana. This has occurred even in the early days: sect of people  Sautrantika  have slightly negative perceptions about Nirvana ( Nibbana) , while the concept Mahayanistic ( Mahayana) in the areas of  the Buddha (Buddhaksetra), Buddha Board Profile (Adi-), Tathagatagarbha sutra, trans etc ..,  biased interpretation downright metaphysical / abstract.

Therefore, it is not surprising that the modern Buddhist writers sometimes cheer these extremes. However, in the Buddhist countries of the East, now do not have a single school or sect of Buddhism that are known for bias writer nihilistic interpretation of Nirvana. Contrary to the erroneous idea, the authors Western uninformed or prejudiced mainly expressed, Theravada Buddhist ( Theravada tradition)  explicitly oppose the notion that Nirvana is only destruction. This question will be demonstrated in the first part of this essay.

For the reasons mentioned earlier, it is not easy to always clear that two opposing notions of existence and non-existence, and hold the middle way is the Buddha, the doctrine of grace and charm of birth Removal. So how to think in such terms as grace is absorbed fully in place, often mindfulness will be required to avoid slipping into unconsciousness or ism or paragraph is usually is, or come too close to them. When discussing this issue, there is danger he will be swept away by his own arguments and extreme opposition by advocating its opposite extremes. Therefore, in the treatment of the issue, there should be absolutely careful and self criticism lest he lose sight of the middle way.

The main aim of this thesis is to provide documentation to clearly demarcate the doctrine of nirvana of Buddha from both mistaken interpretations. It is not intended to encourage research into the nature of Nirvana, is useless and can even be harmful to the struggle to achieve it. The classic text clarifying Four Noble Truth says that nirvana, the truth Tuesday, realizations  (sacchikatabbam) ; not to be understood (as the first true), nor is developed (as the truth Wednesday). We must insist that the existing document here should not be used in such superficial arguments in favor of this extreme or the other extreme opposition. Each of the two main parts of this thesis requires the other part to the quality and make it complete. Hopefully documents from classic and annotated resources collected in this page, by clarifying the position of the  Primitive ( Therava), at least will reduce the conflict points in the opposite interpretation.

Thai nihilistic I. Negative

PART 1

First we will see the fundamental work of post-canonical literature Originally, Purity (Magga) , compiled in the fifth century AD by the higher notes, Bhadantacariya Buddhaghosa. This work celebrates provide a comprehensive explanation of the system and Buddhist doctrines have important implications. It is derived from the Pali scriptures and ancient literature glossary which partially incorporates the document, which may go back to the most primitive of this doctrine.

In this book, in Chapter XVI of The Apartment and The Truth, in part related to the fact Tuesday, we found a long dissertation about Nirvana elaborate. The main section dedicated to polemical art direct blow against what we used to call "nothing negative extremes" in the interpretation of Nirvana (Nibbana). We can not be sure of the reasons that limit, by not find any clear statement. However, it is possible that Buddhaghosa (or perhaps because of his traditional material used) is a Theravada teachings (Therava) sharp on that topic should be very different from the teachings of prominent contemporary cult Also, Sautrantika, on the other hand close to the common position of the Theravada Buddhist. Sautrantikas sect in that group of schools that we should be called Savakayana conjecture, according Mahayanist nomenclature  early,  to  replace the "Hinayana" was devalued. The Theravada You obviously do not want to be included in the charges of nihilism that the Mahayana sect brought against the sect Sautrantikas.This must have been external reasons for the importance of  Magga (Purity)  for denying nihilistic concepts of Nirvana (Nibbana).

For positive metaphysical conceptions, Buddhaghosa probably think it covers enough in many passages in  Visuddhimagga  related to the rejection and the ego is often illusory.However that may be, even today Buddhism, especially Theravada and, quite often wrongly accused of nihilism. So it's time to summarize here the arguments found in Visuddhimagga,  (in Part 2) with the following additions from the commentary to the works.  [1]  Many segments from appropriate Kinh to reject nihilism both cited in this excerpt, making it unnecessary to contact them individually.

In the previous chapter mentioned in  Magga , the appropriate argument is preceded by defining Nirvana. This definition is used in three categories utilized in literature glossary aims to clarify:

Nirvana has peace as  personality,  death is not  functional,  or comfort is functional,  no sign is  indicated (not "sign" or traces, of greed, hatred and ignorance); or diversification.

In appropriate arguments, Buddhaghosa first to the notion that Nirvana is non-existent, the policy it must exist because it can be realized by practicing the path (Eightfold Path).However, while recognizing that not nirvana does not exist, the enemy persisted in understanding the nature of Nirvana negative. First of all they argue that Nirvana should be understood simply as the absence of all the elements of existence, meaning the five aggregates. Buddhaghosa countered this by replying that nirvana can be realized in the life of any one individual, while the five aggregates of which still exist. At that opponents suggested that Nirvana remains unique in that only destroy all sorrows, quoted passages in support of people arguing: "You sir, that is the destruction of greed, hatred and si - that is Nirvana "(SN 38: 1). Buddhaghosa also rejected this notion, pointing out that it leads to unwanted consequences which will cause temporary nirvana, by the destruction of the defilements are events happening in time; Nirvana and conditions, by the destruction of the negativity really happened over the conditions (grace). He pointed out that Nirvana is called the destruction of greed, hatred and delusion in a metaphorical sense: by Nirvana, unconditioned reality, the foundation or the support to fully eradicate these afflictions.

Followed Buddhaghosa contact negative terms, the Buddha used to describe Nirvana.He explained that such terms are used by extremely subtle qualities of nirvana.Opponents argue that because nirvana is achieved by the way, it could not be created.Buddhaghosa replied that nirvana can only be reached by road, but not produced by it;so it is not created, there is no beginning, and get rid of old and dead. Then he continued to discuss the nature of Nirvana more transparent:

... The purpose of the Buddha is one and not many. But (Nirvana, the only purpose) of this first called "attachment of the past have left" ( sa-upadisesa)  as it is known together with (the aggregates results from the past) approved craft still exists (in the life of Arah-drought), so be aware of the terms of the first President of the negativity and the remaining (consequences of past) clinging to the presence of people who by developing it. But secondly, it is called "non-attachment to the fruits of the past"  (anupadisesa)  by after the official end of the A-to-drought levels, gave up raises (the aggregates future) and thus prevent now from the results of (life) future, without the arising of the aggregates of life again, and the aggregates have ever arise then disappeared. Therefore grasping (of the past) still does not exist, and it is within the terms of this non-existent, in the sense that the "non-attachment (of the past) where" it is called the same purpose that "no attachment to the outcome of the past" (See Itiv. 44)

Because it can be reached by the uniqueness of knowledge and success through tireless perseverance,  [2]  and so was the word of Level Omniscient  [3] , not nirvana does not exist when viewed as a its quality in the absolute sense  (paramatthena navijjamanam sabhavato nibbanam);  so it is said: "O monks, has the not born, so do not become, what was not destroyed, the formless"  (Udana 73; Itiv.45)

PART 2

Get the excerpt end, annotated  Visuddhimagga (paramattha-manjusa)  [4]  is Acariya Dhammapala write (6th century) said:

[*] With these words the Master declared the existence of Nirvana really in the absolute sense. But he does not announce it just as injunctions (ie as dogmatic belief) his, maxim, "I am the Lord and the Master of France"; but, in his compassion for those who are knowledgeable about the highest knowledge is what can be achieved, he also expressed it as the conclusion with the argument presented in the sequel's tight passage cited above (Udana 73): "Behold the monk, without the not born, etc .. escape from what is born, etc .., may be aware of."

This is significant, if not the shape factor (Nirvana: Nibbana), unproductive nature, etc .., does not exist, is not an escape from what is formed or conditional, meaning the five aggregates, can be perceived in this world; to come to rest (ie kill) may not be aware, can not be found or felt clearly, will not be. But if properly understood and other factors of the path, each element performs the function of its own, such as Nirvana select objects, then we will destroy completely these afflictions. Thus he can realize here the escape, an escape from the misery of life in its integrity.

Now in the absolute sense of the existence of factors that Nirvana is Omniscient explained, compassion for the whole world, through many passages, such as "The French do not have access," "The French formless "(see  Dhammasangani,  Abhidharma -  Abhidhamma Pitaka ); "Behold, O monks, with the land  (khandha, ayatana)  where there is no land ... (Udana 71);" very difficult to see this status, meaning hard to say, all operating first President, renounce all material nature of becoming "(DN 14, MN 26);" Behold the monk, the Tathagata will teach children not formed and the path to the non-formation "(SN 43:12) and etc ..; and in all of this, "the monk, there, is what is not born ..." (Udana 73) ...; the words. "Hey monk, with the not born, what is not broken canceled, so do not be formed "and so on .. in order to explain the existence of Nirvana in the absolute sense, they are not misguided by Tier Omniscient said, as saying" All acts are impermanent, all acts are suffering, all the  legal  (state) are selfless "(Dhp.vv.277-79; AN 3: 134, etc.).  [5]

PART 3

The reference in the text - business, was quoted in the excerpt from  Magga  and its annotation, making absolutely clear that Nirvana Buddha declared that the reality can be achieved and not to be perceived as just the facts destroy or cessation. All the words of Nirvana expressed negative formula should be understood in the light of the passages quoted here, and do not accept any expression contrary to these texts. Any expression of them have taken away forcibly or will left with just a straight forward manner fully explain the words of the Buddha.

If we talk about Nirvana as a "reality", it will be seen only as from brands that exclude "the non-existence." It is used in the same sense limited linguistic conventions as highlighted in Udana words: " Now  there is something not born ..."; " Now  there is the land where there is no land ..." It does not mean to convey the meaning of "existence" in the ordinary sense, should be kept limited to "five aggregates or any other aggregates in them. " Nirvana can not be described in the most accurate sense  (avacaniya) .

Our excerpts from works such authoritative  Visuddhimagga  Theravada specify explicitly reject the concept of nirvana nothingness, its highest ideal. Perhaps this fact can help to convert one of the polemics between the writers and the modern school of Buddhism: Theravada prejudice that, or even the Pali scriptures, advocating "the paragraph kill "as its supreme purpose.

However, there are other key points of difference in the interpretation of Buddhist and Pali especially the classics, like that intimate connection with the concept of Nirvana. It is a matter of field effect, or the application of the doctrine of selflessness, which means that the doctrine does not imply a single individual. We maintain this doctrine applies not only to the world of phenomena conditional, but also into Nirvana. How far as the rejection of its application to fall into nirvana under the heading "positive metaphysical extremes," it will be handed to those in the following.  [6]

II. Taiji Super Figure Positive

PART 4

In India, the country spent many religious and philosophical wisdom and creativity, danger tremendous farther toward the preservation of the French character as a "middle way" (road between) to from the other end. It consists in the assimilation or connected, the concept of Nirvana with any one of the many comments about theists, mental impairment or other speculative metaphysical kind of positive, mainly with other concepts permanent ego.

According to the analysis throughout all Brahma Net Sutra (Brahmajâla Sutta, DN 1), all notions of many different types of metaphysics and theology concerning the nature of the self, they can come from the earth or sacred land, arising out of or in one of two sources: (1) from the meditation experience is limited and perverted interpretation (which we could also include the idea is revealed, the first inspiration tri, etc.) and (2) from pure theoretical (philosophical systems and theological speculation). But behind all metaphysical ideas and theology, where looming, like power steering, the powerful urge in people to maintain, in some way, the confidence of people in eternal personality that people can invest with all aspire to permanent, safe and eternal happiness. Therefore, not surprising that some people interpret Buddhism today - perhaps through the force of the impulse powerful instinct of self-preservation that and the effects of the long-cherished notions days and widely held - support metaphysical interpretation - Nirvana positive and non-self. Some of this confidence is honestly true Buddhists, and true dedication to the Buddha and appreciation of various aspects of his teachings. Now we will look at these concepts.

In the spirit of the road between, reflection following conclusion of the positive metaphysical extreme means to prevent any metaphysical conclusions that can be drawn from the mistakes of our rebuttal of nowhere derelict meaning of the first part of this essay. In contrast, the first part of which can be served to oppose "the defensive response" excesses against metaphysical concepts being studied now.

Abstract metaphysical extremes in the interpretation of Nirvana consists in the assimilation, or a combination of metaphysics, of pure ego or pure with, in the context of the respective concepts, be held Nirvana. Two main types of metaphysical concepts can be distinguished, such as walking before had implied before.

(1) The assumption of common principles and unitary (not two, not much) with the pure ego, he thought to be freed from the empirical character, or consolidation, or assumed to be one of basically. These concepts may differ on the details, depending on the existence of which is affected or is Theosophy, Vedic or Mahayana (Mahayana, there are varying degrees of justification).

(2) The assumption that "the illusory ego" of you Arah-drought, escape the five aggregates, to Nirvana, is seen as "eternal home" and as "unique status commensurate with you. " Nirvana itself is accepted as self, while Chu St. (you Arah-han) is to continue to be "in nirvana" certain personality types, in unexplained ways and can not solve explicable. This concept, to our knowledge, is the German author Georg Grimm and his followers in the way of such support.

PART 5

(A) the assumption of constant self common to both concepts assume five aggregates exist at a certain distance as a personality and existence in its entity. Assume that the Buddha should teach anything like that is clear and appropriate counter with one of the following maxim:

Any recluses or brahmins yet diverse concepts (things or concepts) like ego, all five aggregates conception (as ego) or any something in them. (SN 22:47)

This text also exclude any erroneous interpretation of the standard formula of Anatta doctrine: "This is not mine, this is not me, this is not my self." Some writers believe that this formula allows the conclusion that the Buddha assumes the self exists outside, or at a certain distance, the five aggregates, the formula by which usually refers to. This false interpretation was arranged by the Buddha's statement quoted above makes clear that all these diverse concepts of the ego can only be attributed to the five aggregates - either general or selection. Any ideas about ego or personality can be formed any other way, if not from the five aggregates and materials from misconceptions about them? The idea of ​​the self can be based on something else? The fact is the only possible way by which the idea of ​​the self can be formed by the Buddha expressed in the continuity of the text quoted above:

The monk, who lives there is not guided ... He considered excellent (material) such as self, or ego identity as owner or as sharp as in the self, or the self as in form (relative same with four other aggregates).  [7] In this way he came true with the concept, "I am."Moreover be said: "If there is form, feeling, perception, volition and consciousness, for the sake of them and depending on them being run on personal beliefs ... and the judgment of the ego." (SN 22: 154.155).

(b) If the words "I", "self," "dignity" and "self" should mean all, any kind of concept of the ego, even the most abstract forms and mitigation , need to combine with the idea of individuality or separate with differences from what is seen as  not "self".  But from what that particular computer or differences were found originated otherwise the data is available only from the experience, including psycho-physical phenomena in the five aggregates?

In central Beijing, texts called "Examples of Snake" (MN 22), said: "The monk, if any ego, will also have a star ego belong? -" Yes, transparent merit Exalted. "-" If there is something belonging to the ego, would also "of my ego you?" - "Yes, Blessed One.""But by the fall, and the ones belonging to the ego can not be actually found, if this is not entirely foolish doctrine:" This is the world, this is the self. Did I'll permanent, eternal, immortal, immutable after death, still in the imperishable reality not? "  [8]

The first sentence of the text that describes, in a simple way as it stressed, pointing out the previous events: that the assumption of self also demands something of the self (attaniya),  meaning that the last owner that ego receive its features. To talk about the ego does not have such different properties, there is nothing to describe it and make it meaningful content with that word, would completely pointless and contrary to the approved use of the term "self", "ego", etc. present. But the things done by those advocating the beginning of the two main types of "positive metaphysical extremes": that is, the assumption of "the great cosmic ego or higher self '( mahatman)  are for is inclusive, or basically identified with, principles and metaphysical universe does not distinguish ( nirguna)  that sometimes equated with nirvana. Those who hold these beliefs are sometimes found to have the audacity to claim that the Buddha refused only want separate ego and that none of his statement in which he denied the existence of the false ego illusory. Things have been said before in this section can serve as answers to these beliefs.

We specify the notion that for a second category is the concept opposite view. We insist on keeping separate existence of the self liberation and illusory in Defilement Nirvana. (Nirvana Organic Balance). However, those who cheer them pretty much ignore unexplained problems. We did not say we came up with the idea of separate properties in the world does not specify how the experience; and they failed just something really composed of separate properties and it can be said to exist in Nirvana Organic how balance, which, by definition, does not distinguish  (nippapanca) , the reversal of the separate properties.

Both the difference of beliefs - are keen personality combining different concepts of the ego with Buddhist teachings on Nirvana. Right from the start they were rejected by a very significant statement about the philosophy in texts on "Examples of the snake", implying that the "I" and "mine", and the property owner, material and property, subject and predicate are inseparable terms and correlation, however, lacks reality in the absolute sense.

PART 6

Two main types of metaphysical interpretations of Nirvana positive can enjoy including a significant number of those in the wrong, the Buddha classified and rejected. The recruiting of the grading can be applied will be presented in the following. This document, plus the basic comments in the previous section, will provide rich material for the event that is usually only khonkhai concept of self and nirvana, of any kind may be aware , does not conflict with the teachings of the Buddha as found in the oldest available presented in the Pali scriptures.

(a) In Samyutta Beijing (22:86) (Samyutta Nikaya) we read: "Anuradha, do you think the Tathagata ( Tathagata)  separated from the identity  (annatra Rupa) ...  separated from awake? "  [9]  " Oh prospectus him, certainly not. " - "Do you think the Tathagata had no identity no  (arupi) ...  who are not awake?" [10]  - "Oh prospectus him, certainly not." -  Anuradha,  by Level Full Good (As) truly, truly, no child can be found even in a lifetime, is appropriate to declare: "He is a perfect being, the supreme creature. .. that perfect being can be made known outside the four possibilities: perfect being: existence after death ... does not exist .. exists in this way and not the other way ... maybe not been told exists nor does not exist '? " - Oh prospectus him, certainly not. "

This text applies both important concepts that ego at a certain distance of aggregates. It should be mentioned here that the explanatory text the word "Tathagata  (Tathagata) by" beings "  (satta) . That may mean only that the written statement in effect not only for conventions terms "Tathagata" but also to any other terms specified personality.

(b) Because of that concept of self necessary link with the concept of ownership of the qualities and the property (see 5b), the two main types are under the following titles of twenty types of body is  (Sakkaya-ditthi; see 5a) .

He considered as excellent self ownership ... such a great life ... property ... ... official acts.

This applies especially to the second main type cheering Georg Grimm, in order to talk about the five aggregates as "attribution" ( "Beilegungen") of the self. Do not have any differences here that "the attribution" Grimm this is seen as "disproportionate" to the ego, and as likely to be eliminated. What matters is the fact that such a relationship between the self and the aggregates is assumed, and this includes the defense of that concept in the categories mentioned in the previous character of faith.

(c) From "Doing the root cause"  (Mula-pariyaya Sutta, MN 1)  of the following categories applies to both: "He thinks (himself) other than (or in mojt afar somehow) four material elements (four elements), the heavens, the formless realm; different from anything seen, heard, felt (different) and awareness; the other with the whole universe (sabbato ) . " For the second type suitable for the concept: "He thinks (himself) in Nirvana  (nibbanasmim  mannati)  or other with Nirvana  (nibbanato mannati)."  That is, he believed that the self is freed the property is put into balance with its other Nirvana.

(d) In the "All Gonorrhea Or"  (Sabbasava Sutta, MN 2)  are examples of superficial thinking and unwise  (ayoniso manasikara)  is mentioned and rejected.

Six theories about the self from which the following pertinent here: "We have hit the ground," and "Thanks to the self we know the self."  [11]

Sixteen suspected the existence and nature of the self, in relation to the past, present and future, such as "Do I or do not?", "What was I?", "Will is I or not? "," what will be mine? "

In this way any speculation about the self is affirmed without proven rejected.

(E) In the Brahma Net Sutra theories about the self is defined in the details of them.However, those advocating extremes are two main types of this positive metaphysics, we mention here, generally avoid or deny the detailed statement of the nature of Nirvana and self. But if we admit immutable ego and vanity, it must be perceived as passive, immobile, can not be modified. For a dynamic relationship with the world will include a waiver assuming illusory state. Therefore generally fall into two main categories, which will be described and denied the Brahma Net Sutra (Sutta Brahmajâla) as follows: "Usually every self and the world is barren and motionless as the mountain, steadfast as column minus."

(F) The rejection of any belief in the self (as permanent or temporary homogeneity), and the extremes of existence and non-existence, can not be better concluded by quoting the continuity of the formation of the idiom's motto this treatise:

Kaccana, for people to think about, according to reality and true wisdom, the arising of (and in) the world, there is nothing in the world (called) "does not exist" ( natthita). Kaccana , for people to think about, in fact, and with real wisdom, cessation of (and in) the world, there is nothing in the world (called) "N" ( atthita).  Kaccana, look General this world is bound by these trends, the attachment and prejudice. But relating to these trends, the grasping, the mind fixed attitudes, biases and tendencies have deep roots, the person (who has the right view) does not come close, not clinging, no state the mind: "We have the self" ( n'adhitthati attā me'ti).  he had no doubt or uncertainty that the pain actually arises, and suffering ceases. At this point the person's knowledge is not based on something else. Kaccana, to some extent, is the person with the right view. (SN12: 15)

III. Overcoming Over The Taiji

If we examine the statement of Nirvana in the Pali scriptures, we find that it is described (or better: paraphrase) in terms both positive and negative. The expression and optimistic nature included in the designated as "wisdom, truth, often organic, the magic of the soul," and so on .. (SN 43); And documents such as those cited above (see Part 2), "There is that realm ..." "There was not born ...," etc .. The statements in the form of negative terms include definitions like this about Nirvana as "the destruction of greed, hatred and ignorance," and as "an end to becoming"  (bhava-nirodha) . If the concept of Buddhist Nirvana is understood correctly, he will have to give a full enough weight to the importance of the two types of speech. If someone is about to cite only one type as vindication of its own one-sided opinion of him, the result would be disproportionate conception.

For those statements have a positive personality we will pour in for the following purposes: (1) to eliminate extreme nothingness; (2) reduce the fears of those who still do not understand the truth of suffering and non-self ( soul), and so withdrew from the final end of suffering, which is the rebirth, as if retreating before the fall into the bottomless abyss; (3) for the purpose only Nirvana as potentially achievable and indeed desirable.

The word "Yes" opening two famous text of Nirvana in  Udana  definitely not leaving no doubt that the concept of nirvana as bare extinction or as a disguise for absolutely nothing. But, on the other hand, as precaution against false interpretations of the abstract to say "Yes ... ( atthi)",  we have a similar decisively rejected by the extremes that exist (atthita)  and does not exist (natthita).

But even the statement of Nirvana idiom created optimistically, almost also includes the negative terms:

"Is that realm where no land ... not this life nor the next, nor to neither walk."

"There was  not  born , does not  become ...."

"Tathagata will teach you: the formless ... the wisdom ... and the way (road) to it. Now theformless ... What is so profound? It is the cessation of desire, cessation field, eradicate si. "

These texts combine optimistic statements and negative, illustrating the point with our previous comments that both optimistic statement about Nirvana negative and requires the mutual qualities, such precautions from slipping into extreme positions.

These statements emphasize negative supramundane nature and can not be said to be of Nirvana, because beyond adequate description of the terms optimism. Our language is basically unsuitable for such a description, by necessity contact our world experience from which the structure and its terms are searched from. Hence the statement of economic optimism could not be anything more than an allusion or metaphor  (pariyaya desana) . We use these values easy understandable emotion for us to describe the experiences and reactions are known to those who have trampled on the way to No Trail.Although for the reasons discussed above we have great practical value, we make relate more to really describe. However, these negative remarks would have the basis and in accordance with the law in themselves. They relate to the world of Nirvana experience only by the negation. The method of the similar negative reinforcement in the process of eradication impossible suits Nirvana and does not correspond to it. It allows us to have more articulate and more useful to the state of Nirvana superpower than using abstract terms, its upbeat personality can only metaphorically. Negative statements are also appropriately and respect to talk about it, called "marvelous"  (acchariya)  and "extraordinary  (abbhuta).

The negative expression of other important advantages. These statements such as Nirvana defined as "the extinction of greed, hatred and delusion" indicate the direction taken and the work to do to  really  to Nirvana. And new this particular issue. These words to overcome greed, hatred and delusion tasks set out clear and convincing, can be carried out right here and now. Moreover, they are not the only way possible and worthwhile for its own sake, but we also talked about the noble purpose like that can be experienced here and now, and not only in the above does not know. As it used to be said:

If greed, hatred and ignorance has been destroyed, in a certain amount Nirvana can see here and now, without delay, called in to verify the location and people can directly experience. (AN 3:55)

Nirvana can see that each was praised by those who have reached it as a source of pure happiness and inalienable, as the highest source of comfort, such as joy unspeakable relief to get rid of the burden and tied slopes. Foretaste faint taste of it can be experienced in every act of sacrifice bring joy and in times of carefree serenity. For myself, if only temporarily and partially, freed from the slavery of the aspirations and the blindness of self-deception; to master yourself and to live and think in the light of knowledge, if only a certain time and in certain limited extent - these things really are not "mere negative events, "but the experience is positive and ethical awareness raising for those who know most about happiness fleeting lust and lies. "Behold, O monks, there are two kinds of happiness: happiness of sensual pleasures and happiness of abandon. But happiness is the happiness give up much higher." (AN 2:64).

Thus the seemingly negative from this cessation of greed, hatred and ignorance will pass a positive message touched tend to better and full of energy: on the road can be stepped on here, the position destination can be reached on this earth, the happiness can be experienced right here.

However, aspects of sublime happiness can be achieved here and now, for us, should not be allowed includes events that achieved Nirvana rebirth is terminated, all become. But the end of all this and is not in any way related to the destruction or destroy anything physical at all. What really happens is the arising new terminated due to the termination of its root causes: ignorance and craving.

People find deeply and thoroughly the truth of suffering is "not what the book did not go away, and do not step back from the real thing anymore." He said: "Indeed, the suffering arises, the suffering ended." With a steadfast heart he strives to achieve immortality, the final end of suffering - nirvana.

Holy you know it as bliss: 
terminating character; 
Uninterested people away, 
but not for the obvious. 
The others included as the highest happiness, 
Chu as suffering Saints ; 
the ones that just look like suffering 
for you Bible is absolutely blissful. (Snp.vv.761-62)

*

Note:

[1]  These excerpts from both the selected works, with a little modification, from the translation of Bhikkhus Nanamoli (see footnote on the source). Add explanation of this writer in the quotation, the bhikkhus Nanamoli in parentheses.

[2]  Note: This is only that for the Tier A-to-drought, Nirvana made solid through your own experience of it.

[3]  Note: For others it is set by inferred based on the words of the Master.

[4]  The section starts with [*] Translated from the author of this essay; other passages that mark, the monk Nanamoli (drawn from comments for translation  Visuddhimagga his.)

[5]  A few things to choose among 33 things about Nirvana in SN 43: 12-44.

[6]  This regulation on the legal classification of which Nirvana Wins include, appearing, for example, in  Dhammasangani.

[7]  This is the type of body is twenty  (Sakkaya-dittthi).

[8]  See  article on the Snake Simile Business,  translated by Nyanaponika Thera (Wheel No.47 / 48).

[9]  It is outside the aggregates are selected one by one

[10]  It is outside the aggregates as a whole.

[11]  Pali  attana'va sanjanami attanam.  This related to the Vedic concept. The same formula must be found in  Samhitas  then, money Buddhism, and then in the Bhagavadgita.

-ooOoo-

-  10 -

Shorter essays

10.1 Seeing things as they Who Am

If we contemplate even a small area of ​​the vast areas of life, we face many varied forms of life so intense that it despite all appearances. However three basic characteristics can be seen as joint minister for all sentient beings, from bacteria to humans, from the most simple sense to the idea of ​​a creative genius:

- Impermanence or change ( anicca)
-  Suffering or unsatisfactoriness ( dukkha)
-  No-self or unrealistic  (anattā)

This three basic facts first found and spoke with more than 2,500 systems years ago by the Buddha, he is rightly called "the World Award"  (loka-Example).  They are appointed, in Buddhist terminology, the three generals  (ti-lakkhana) -  signs, symbols can not change the things attached to the creatures, "signs" that stamped on the face of life.

In three characteristics that, first and third direct application to life accidentally and charming, for any specific reality by its very nature must be changed and no real / physical. The second characteristic, suffering, of course, only a charming experience.But Buddha characteristics apply to all animals suffering conditions (compounded), in the sense that, for sentient beings, everything is conditional potential human suffering is experienced and any circumstances are not likely for long-term satisfaction. So this is actually three common characteristics associated with really low or higher cognitive realm of our normal.

Buddha taught that life can only be understood with the conditions of this three basic facts are understood. And understanding this to happen, not only reasonable but also to cope with one's own experience. Penetrating intellect, is the absolute liberation elements, including only experienced in the understanding of the three characteristics as being applicable to the processes of the human body and mind that are deepening and maturing in neuter.

Seeing things as they really mean that they determined in the light of these three characteristics. Do not see them in this way, or deceive ourselves about reality and their application areas, are limited signs of ignorance, and ignorance is the underlying itself of suffering, the human networking that entangled in it - a network of false hope, the longing of unrealistic and harmful, of deceptive ideologies and values ​​and perverted purposes.

Do not know and distorting these three fundamental events eventually lead to mood only disillusionment, disappointment and frustration. But if we learn to see through the deceptive appearance, and cognitive three characteristics, this would bring enormous benefits, both in everyday life and in their striving spirit dozen. On the earthly level, understanding of impermanence, suffering and selflessness will give us a healthy way of looking at life more. It will free us from the unrealistic wishes, give courage to accept suffering and failure, and protect us against assumptions and beliefs chimera. In the quest for superpower, understanding these three characteristics will be indispensable.The experience of meditation on all phenomena as inseparable from this will mark three liquid gradually, and finally cut ties bind us to the ideal existence is eternal lie, fun interesting and real. All things inside and outside will be realized gradually in their true nature: as often change, as such forced to suffer and there is no truth, there is no eternal soul or eternal essence. By seeing as such, apart from (renunciation) will gradually bring tremendous freedom from attachment to ego and culminate - Nirvana, the ultimate liberation from suffering heart.

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Viewpoints 10.2 Buddhism and Spirit

Many completely contradictory notions expressed in Western literature on the Buddhist attitude towards the concept of god and polytheistic most. From the study of Buddha's texts are stored in the Pali scriptures, will be seen that the concept of  separate deities , gods creation permanent conception and omniscient, can not compare with the teachings of the Buddha . On the other hand, the concept of  impersonal spirits  of any description, such spirit world, etc .. is excluded by the doctrine of  anatta,  Anatta or no essence of the Buddha.

In Buddhist literature, the belief in creativity  (Issara-nimmana-vada)  is often discussed and rejected, along with other causes false invoked to explain the origin of the world;such as, for example, the world soul, time, nature, etc .. However, the belief that God does not get put in the same category as the destructive misconception that ethics, refused the post results of actions, admit random origin of man and nature, or teach absolute determinism. These concepts are said to be toxic and have negative consequences consequences clear by their moral virtues.

However, theism is seen as a kind of doctrine of karma to the extent that it upholds the moral effect of the action. Since then people theistic moral life, can, like any other person to do so, expect more favorable rebirth. He can likely even reborn in heaven resembles a person's own perception of it, although it will have no permanent period as he may have come to expect. However, if the fanatical terrorist induce him to those who do not have the same faith with them, this would have serious consequences for the future destiny of the person. For fanatical attitudes, intolerance and violence against others create unwholesome now lead to moral degradation and suffering rebirth.

Although belief in God does not exclude a favorable rebirth, usually the diversity of opinion, asserted the falsehood constant craving rooted in existence (bhava), and literally a obstacle to the final liberation.

Although the chains (fetters -  Fetters ) tied to the existence, theists are particularly vulnerable to the body is one, clinging to rituals, identity and desire for organic realms or "heaven of the sensuous" , as the case may be.

As an attempt to explain the universe, the origin of the universe, and the plight of the people in his world, the concept of God is found totally convinced by the Buddhist thinkers days old. Over the centuries, Buddhist philosophers used to accurately articulated the arguments sufficiently detailed rebuttal doctrine creator god. Should have the interest to compare these things with the way in which Western philosophers have ever denied the rational evidence of the existence of God.

But for the most pious believers, the concept of God than to resort only to explain the permanent events such as the origin of the world. For him the object of faith can give strong feelings about certain things, not just as the existence of God "somewhere out there," but also as the existence and comfort of intimacy God for the people there.Feeling sure this requires thorough scrutiny. The scrutiny that would reveal that in most cases only God concept is the specific form of the religious ideal that - typically a noble man - and on that desire and enthusiasm deeply felt needs of the people to believe it. The formation (zoom) This specific conditions due to large external influences, such as childhood impressions, education, tradition and social environment. Tasked the importance of strong emotions, brought to life by the possibility of human impact on the formation - an image, visualization and the creation myth, then we come to assimilate with the images and concepts of any religion's followers. In many cases most of the true believers, the analysis of the search will show that "the experience of God," they do not have anything special content than this.

However, the scope and meaning of faith and experience God God is not completely exhausted by the previous comments point. The life and work of the legendary composer of all the great religions bear witness of the religious experience extremely intense, including significant changes in the effective nature of the mind. The deeply absorbed in prayer or meditation can bring about deepening and expanding, and boldly clarity of mind, along with the feeling blissful. The contrast between this state and the conscious perception normally too great that the mystic experiences of people believe it is the manifestation of the divine; and for the contrast, the assumption must be able to understand this. The mystical experience is also characterized by distinct variations or temporary exclusion of countless perceived by the senses awake and ideas; and the relative unity of consciousness at that time can be explained as a combination or empathy with the First Spirit. All these deeply perturbed impressive explanations offered voluntary early final mystic theology identified with his or her special. However, it is interesting to note that the efforts of the majority of the big Western mystical experiences related to their mystical dogmas of the church power corresponding to they usually have the results of the teachings is seen suspiciously by the mainstream, if not considered heresy authentic.

The events underlying psychology of religious experience that is accepted and known by Buddhists; but he carefully distinguishes their own experiences with the purely theoretical explanation was imposed on them. After the publication of meditation (jhāna),  Buddhist meditators are advised to look at the physical elements forming the center's experience in light of the three characteristics of all conditioned existence (compounded ): impermanent, vulnerable to suffering, and there is no permanent ego or permanent material. This is done mainly to take advantage of the clarity of meditation and the power of the mind towards the highest purpose: liberating insight. But this process is also very important aspect of effectively causing concerns us here: yogis will not be overwhelmed by any emotion or uncontrolled thoughts evoked by individual experience of that person, and so will be able to avoid the interpretation that experience is not validated by the facts.

So Buddhist meditator, while benefiting by the purification achieved, he will be able to see the experience of meditation for what they are, and will know that they are no more than ordinary matter survival can be attributed to a deity manifests itself on his mind.Therefore, the conclusion must surely be Buddhists: the highest mystic states do not provide evidence for the existence of a God or gods do not own any house.

Buddhism is sometimes also called atheist doctrine, or in the sense espoused by liberal thinkers and followers of rationalism, or in the sense of reducing the value by people to have faith in property God. In only one way can Buddhism be described as atheistic, that is, to an extent it negates the existence of God is eternal, omniscient god or a creator and world decisions. However, the word "atheist, atheism," as the word "do not believe the divine: godless," usually carries some extra meaning or disparaging allusions, that in no way apply to the Buddha's teachings.

Those who use the word "atheist" often combine it with the doctrine of materialism, knows nothing higher than the world of the senses (sex education) and this fragile happiness it can bestow. Buddhism has nothing of that sort. In this regard it agrees with the teachings of other religions, that true lasting happiness can not be found in this world; nor, the Buddha adds, can be found in any public higher realms, conceived as heavenly or divine, because all planes are impermanent and so there is no possibility for joy happy eternal optimism. These spiritual values ​​supported by Buddhism is directly, not toward a new life in the higher realms, but toward the state completely beyond the realm, that is Nirvana. However, while making this statement, we must point out that the spiritual values ​​of Buddhism does not draw an absolute distinction between the above and in the here and now. We have strong roots in the realm of this world as they aim for the highest enlightenment within this life. Along with such spiritual aspirations, Buddhism encourages most ardent efforts to make this world a better place to live in.

The philosophy of materialism is paragraph  (ucchedavada)  Buddha ultimately rejected as a false doctrine. The doctrine of karma enough to prove that Buddhism does not teach annihilation after death. It accepts the existence, not the eternal soul, but of the mental processes become subject to renewal; thus it teaches rebirth without reincarnation.Again, the Buddha's teachings is not nihilism that afflicted humanity no better hope the final cold nothingness. On the contrary, is the salvation doctrine  (niyyanika-dhamma) or deliverance  (vimutti)  attributable to human potential to realize, by the person's own efforts, the highest purpose, Nirvana, the great to end suffering and final cessation of greed, hatred and ignorance. Nirvana is not zero of annihilation bare; however it can not be identified with any kind of conception of God, because it is not derived nor ground everywhere or the essence of the world.

Buddhism is not a religion as the enemy of atheism is believed. In fact, Buddhism is not anyone's enemy. Buddhists will recognize and appreciate what any moral values, spirit and culture ever created by God's faith in its long history and its rise and fall. However, we can not close our eyes to the fact that the concept of God too often served as a mask for the will of the people to take power, and used reckless and brutal that power, so plus considerable extent on the richness of this world are suffering for the full creativity of our beloved God. For centuries the freedom of thought, freedom of research and presentation of opposing views unobstructed and extinguished in the name of serving God. And alas, these things and other negative consequences absolutely not the things of the past.

The word "atheism" also carries the innuendo of the attitude of the state agrees with lax morals, ethics or beliefs that have no artificial of divine approval, based on the platform easily shaken. However, for Buddhism, the basic moral code is available in the life. The main special case of the law of causality, without people for a divine law also does not depend on the concept of human uncertainty about the direction that does not matter about social conditions and conventions. For classes is increasing humanity, faith in God is quickly shattered, as well as the usual motives for ethical conduct. This standard specifies the health hazards moral foundation on divine commandments, when their alleged source rapidly lose confidence and power. There is need for autonomous platforms for ethics, it has deeper roots social contract and likely protected the safety of the individual and of human institutions. Buddhism offers such moral grounds.

Buddhism does not deny that there are realms in the cosmos and the levels of consciousness in some way may be higher than the realm of our planet and the average over the mind of man. To deny this is indeed the era hewn hometown astronaut. Bertrand Russell said that right: "Do not improbable that the universe contains nothing better than ourselves."

However, according to Buddhist teachings, the higher realms such as the familiar world of ours, suffer the law of impermanence and change. The inhabitants of such planes can be healthy, in many different levels, more powerful men, happier and live longer.Whether we call these higher beings are sacred, god, gods or angels, are not very important, because improbable that they call their own identity with any one of them.They are the inhabitants of this universe, who you travel in this samsara; and although more powerful, they do not need smarter people. Moreover, it should be denied that such worlds and such beings may the lord and their leader. In all likelihood that they do. But like any human leader does, godly leaders too may tend to misjudge the position and power of your own, as our text the narrative of Buddha .

However, these are big issues beyond the scope and concern of human experience average. We used to be discussed here is aimed at defining the Buddhist position and does not serve as a title research and discussion. the inclusion of such can only divert attention and effort from what ought to be our main target: to overcome greed, hatred and delusion where they are found here and now.

Ancient verse ascribed to the Buddha in the Questions and Answers Tien Mi said:

Not far from here you need to look! 
Highest life - something you can take advantage? 
Here in this five aggregates present, 
Conquering the world in your own body!

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10.3 Devotion in Buddhism

Buddha repeatedly bored any undue reverence for him personally. He knew that the excesses of the devotion entirely by emotions may prevent or disturb the egalitarian character development, and as such could become a serious obstacle to progress on the path to liberation. Religious history has proven him correct step, as illustrated by the nonsense of emotional mysticism in the East and the West.

Contact texts monk story Vakkhali area, totally devotion and love Buddha, each hungry to look at his physical body. To him the Buddha said: "There will be benefits to the body impurities so look? Those who think that the French see the Tathagata."

Shortly before passing away Holiness, he said: "If a monk or nun monk yet, a good male, or a female followers, living in accordance with the French, is the right to life of the Tathagata, appropriate steps to France - was the one respect, reverence, offerings, keeping sacred and respected Tathagata ( Tathagata)  true for the most worthy of reverence. "

Really deeply understand French, along with appropriate ethics with the understanding that - these things are extremely higher than any external reverence or devotion to pure emotion. That is the direction this teaching two of the Master is communicated.

However, there will be an error to conclude that the Buddha disparaging attitude of respect, veneration of the mind as it is the natural flow of the real understanding and a profound admiration and sublime greatness. It would be a serious error to believe "that France" (to be taught in the first sentence) is identical to appreciate just about knowledge and theory holds merely conceptual. The abstract approach such sided with a very specific message of the Buddha, all too often leads to complacency intellectual myopia.In its bare certainly will not be a replacement for the aggressive impulses and populated by passionate devotion feel - deeply with what is known as the great, noble and exemplary. Devotion, is a natural aspect and accompany faith  (saddhà, credit) , is essential in balancing the senses  (indriya-Samata)  is required for final liberation. Tin, in all its aspects, including the dedication, the need to resolve any stagnant / dazed and other defects may result from the development of the one-sided knowledge base. Such developments tend to turn around in the endless cycle of reincarnation, can not afford to make a burst. Here devotion, faith and loyalty - all aspects of Pali terms  (saddhà, credit) may have the ability to help quickly and efficiently.

Although the Buddha refused to be subjected to the "cult of personality" easy emotion, he also said that "the reverence and respect for those who deserve it is a source of great happiness." Buddha declared this in even the beginning of one of the moral injunctions of his principal, all of Happiness Economics  (Mangala Sutta Mahā)  [1] .  Tables to value the attitude of reverence, respect and with the happiness of "avoiding the wicked and the wise sage neighbor," clearly the Buddha considered such an attitude is the foundation for the advancement of individuals and society and to achieve any higher benefits any more. People can not afford to have reverence attitude would not likely have the soul advances beyond the narrow limits of the current mental condition of the person. People who are too blind to see that they did not or do not recognize anything higher and better than the small pond of muddy trivial ego of the person and the environment will suffer for a long time because of the slow develop. And who, by the self-assertion with argument, contemptuous attitude of respect for oneself and for others still imprisoned in his ego - a most formidable barrier to the growth of private real how and the development of the soul. Key in recognition and respect someone or something higher that that respect and enhance the potential of one's own party.

When we praise the lofty soul 
celebrate Then look authentic 
and noble devotion to the past, 
we ourselves are the noble at all.

Because respect, devotion, and dedication are the partial aspect of the concept of faith (credits) in Buddhism, then he will understand why credit has been called the seed of all other benefits qualities.

Venerated object of devotion as nobler, the higher bliss. "Those who have faith in the highest joy, the highest result will be that of the person" (AN 4:34). The supreme object of respect and devotion of Buddhists is his Three Refuges, also known as the Three Jewels or the Idealist: Buddha, Dharma (the teachings) and the Community of Saints Increase and Ni (Increase)  [2] . Similarly, here, the Buddha is revered as an individual does not have such identity, not as gods, but as the embodiment of Enlightenment.

Text often appears in the Buddhist scriptures say that a devout laity "have faith, he believes in the Enlightenment of the Tathagata." But this faith is not the result of blind loyalty based on rumors, but was withdrawn from the rational persuasion devotees based on his or her own understanding of the Buddha, said to that person's voice enlightenment the true (unmistakable). Finding the source of his undertaking this is emphasized by the fact that, along with faith, wisdom is also discussed in the qualities of an ideal layman.

Now we may ask: Is it quite natural that the feeling of love, gratitude, respect and devotion to find expression through the whole personality, through acts of physical and verbal as well as through thoughts and emotions are not expressed are of us? For example, he would have to hide their feelings for their parents and other loved ones are not? Does he or she would rather not express them in words and actions do not cuddle?Does he or she will not cherish the memories of them in the appropriate way, for example, by preserving their pictures in his or her home, by placing flowers on their graves, by dedicating noble qualities thought of them? In the same way, he has become critical aspects of religious devotion can find to understand the external action of the customary reverence in Buddhist countries when, with reverent gesture, flowers and incense placed before the Buddha image and devotional texts to be read not as people but as the prayer visualizations. Is provided such practice does not reduce the value of the daily routine reckless, under the French who will draw benefits if he chose certain forms of religious practice, corrected as appropriate for the computer his own gas and the social customs of his environment. However, at least not Buddhist religious people to impose  a requirement  to keep the external forms of devotion or worship. This completely leave the selection of individuals with the needs of emotional, intellectual and religious difference had to make far. No Buddhists feel themselves forced into a mold of iron hooks, does it have religious figure or as rationalism. However, when the middle path, that person should also avoid one-sided appreciation of others, and trying to understand the value of their individual needs and preferences may differ from the interests of the person .

More important and greater effect of the external form of piety is the basic ability to respect and reverence to be discussed at the beginning of this essay, and also as meditation or contemplation idea of what a revered personality. Many of the benefits derived from these things, and since there is a good reason that the Enlightened has repeatedly introduced legal certainty grace meditative Buddha  (buddhanussati),  along with other devotional contemplation  [ 3] . Here again, the ideal is embodied; so the Buddha, as a creature free from all traces of vanity and my theory is, above all, can be risky to introduce to his disciples of the Buddha meditation.

Then what about the benefits of meditation such devotion? Its primary benefit is a  pure heart (pure heart) . They are called by the Buddha "efficacious procedures to purify polluted mind" (AN 3:71). "As disciples of the Enlightened shop, then his mind is not in lust mused, not in anger, nor in delusion. At times like his mind straight: it rid greed, away, get rid of it. greed is here, called craving ceiling contingent. By visualizing this practice, many beings become clean "(AN 6:25).

If, by devotional meditation that, he tried to live, as it were, "in the presence of the masters"  (sattha sammukhibhuta) , he will feel ashamed to do, say and think whatever anything not deserve; he will retreat from evil; and as a positive response, he or she will feel energetic creative efforts in the competition with a great pattern of the Master.

The image, and not the abstract concept, is the language of the subconscious. Therefore, if the image of Enlightened often created in his mind as the embodiment of human perfection, it will penetrate deep into the subconscious, and if strong enough, will act as the automatic brake control the evil impulses. In the same way the subconscious, as usual too often enemies lurk while achieving autonomy, could become the coalition forces have a strong impact of such efforts. Aims to  educate the subconscious , will be useful to use the Buddha images as animal or assist in the visualization. In that way the mind can be achieved quite soon. To evoke deep and attracted several features of the personality of the Buddha, of his kindness should be contemplating, for example in the manner expressed in  Magga (Purity) .

Contemplation on the Buddha, creating joy  (pīti: wedding :) , is an effective way of invigorating the mind , the mind of raising up from the listless state, stress, fatigue and disappointment, happens in your meditation as well as in daily life. The Buddha advised: "If (the active meditation for example) in the body shop, body agitated mood including craving, or sluggish or disturbed mind arises, then the student should be directed to the center heading do rejoice, raise awareness "(SN 47:10). And here the old masters introduced especially mindfulness (great kindness) Buddha. When obstacles (hindrances) for centering it disappeared under the influence of it, yogis will likely return to the original meditation subject.

Especially for beginners, those trying to be the center often been disappointed by shyness uncomfortable; yogis, as often as, glanced back yourself. He became aware of a disturbance of the body with little discomfort, and in his mind are fighting against those obstacles only get stronger as more fighting. This may occur when the meditation subject is the physical process of the human mind, but it can also occur with other headings. In such circumstances, would have been useful to follow the advice given and the direction of attention from his or her own personality by inspiring visualization of the Buddha and to contemplate his kindness. Interest such delights can happen to forget your self that it is a factor to achieve concentration. Hy being calm  (passaddhi:  relaxed), calm / relaxed serene birth  (sukha:  peanuts ),  and serenity / optimism born of (samādhi) . Thus devotional meditation can serve as  a valuable aid in achieving concentration  as the basis for liberating insight. The function of this devotional meditation can not be better expressed in the words of the Master:

When the disciple saints of Enlightened shop, then his mind is not clouded in lust, not in anger, nor in delusion. At such times his mind straight to the Tathagata. And with upright heart disciple saints achieve enthusiasm towards the purpose, enthusiasm for the French. Thus his mind delight, joy arises; for people with joy, body and mind become more relaxed; relaxed in body and mind, he felt optimistic; and if located, is the center.Such people are called holy disciples among all people stray, reached the right thing;between humanity who surrounded by troubles, life is not a nuisance. (AN 6:10).

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10.4 The Loyalty Courage

Related loyalty not only to believe in the existence of something or the way the truth of the dogma, but also the trust in the power of its objects. Loyalty in religion is the belief and trust in God the Supreme, and loyalty to Buddhism, especially, confidence in the unparalleled power of the Eightfold Path, the belief in the purifying and its liberating effect.

Between those who claim themselves as "believers" or "religion" or in our case, Buddhists, there are too few people have that kind of genuine loyalty to the real power of it Good / Good to transform and improve the lives of individuals and society, and to protect them against the resistance of evil in themselves and the outside world. Too few people dare to entrust themselves to the direction of impactful Good thing, too many people believe a secret way, regardless of the "trust" vague, that the forces of evil in themselves and the world more powerful - so strong that I could not fight with them.Many politicians everywhere in the world seems to believe so, especially those who call themselves a "realist" clearly implies that hoity only evil is "true." They think that the need for them to submit to the power of its bigger. If they are not willing to put it to the test, they can not draft done many good things.

Certainly, while coping with the greater power of evil and stupid, kind of true belief in the Good requires courage in a certain amount. But there can be no progress of any kind without courage. Progress means to overcome the natural inertia of the current unsatisfactory situation in the individual and in society. Definitely requires courage to take a first step in the making burst resistance natural inertia and self-preservation tendency of things and minds. But that's only bravery opening conditions for success.

The teachers of ancient Buddhist doctrine is well aware that courage is the essential characteristic of true loyalty. Therefore, they compared their loyalty to powerful heroes and brave volunteers jump into the turbulent waters to lead weaker people shy stopped on the banks pass safely, or, impatient and hopeless running up and down the banks involved in the futile debate about the appropriate place to cross. This example can be applied to society as well as to the inner life. In the case of social life, "the weaker ones" are those who are willing to follow and support the leader, but they can not start yet. In the case of the inner life, "weaker ones" are the qualities necessary for the progress which the soul that is either undeveloped or isolated from the good habits of their side.

Two elements for inner progress should complement, support and mutual balance is wisdom ( Panna, wisdom)  and faith  (saddhà, credit) . If intellectual maintained without faith, devotion and enthusiasm of loyalty, it will stop only limited theoretical understanding and appreciation of the teachings intellectuals that means being able to is alive and not only think and talk about. In the words of our example: intellectual, if not the hero of loyalty help, would only "running up and down the banks of the stream," work seems very busy and important, but less indeed effective. Tue separated from loyalty to a lack of belief in its own ability is guided on the path of life. No this inner conviction will seriously concerned under conclusions and requires its own; it will lack the courage to take the first step in the task actually "pass."

Loyalty as the additive, which is supported by the vigor and endurance of energy (viriya: diligent) , will for intellectual wings, making it capable of lifting up the barren and knowledge not used and the war of words in vain for pure conceptual thinking. In exchange, will give credit wisdom wise judgment and reliable guide. It will prevent loyalty (credits) from being exhausted, because its power consumption by the outpouring of feelings of futility. Therefore, believers should always harmony and wisdom. With mindfulness keep them balanced, two factors come together this will prove to be the ideal companion, able to meet thanks to their combined efforts any dangers and hardships on the road to liberation.

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Termination 10.5 Why Suffering?

Buddha declared that he taught the Dhamma for the purpose of leading beings to freedom from suffering. If, touched by that teaching, we resolutely implemented to end suffering, it is the most important we clearly understand the problem of suffering in the breadth and depth of its true. If we understand the problem is not complete, so obvious efforts to eradicate it our full and will not, can not afford to collect the power necessary to birth the entirely satisfactory results.

When asked "Why end suffering?" the obvious answer is that people want to end suffering because the urge innermost nature of human nature that is escaping from affliction. However, in the voluntary cessation of suffering, we should think not only about our own suffering, but also about the suffering and sorrow we caused to others as long as we have not reached the total absence harmlessness of mind rid of passion and the clear vision of the mind liberated. If we often miss the fact that, in our path through the cycle, we must also add to the suffering of others, we will feel the growing emergency while we earnestly resolutely entered the path to the liberation of our own.

The suffering that we can inflict on our fellow human beings first included in those cases where other beings become passive object by harmful action of ours. Our greed robbed, as impoverished, deprived and belittling, dirty and violated. Our hatred killed and destroyed, hurt and aroused fear. Turbid waters of the flood flow ignorance of our invasion devastated shores of neighboring peace; wrong judgments we led them astray and leave them in the disaster.

Then there is a second and even more disadvantaged of our afflictions can cause harm to others. The actions of evil or impure we often provoked the harmful response makes them still more obstacles in their afflictions grid. Our greed increases greed of others vying; our own desires aroused in others sexual desire is surely sleep well that we have not awakened them. Anger and our anger provoke hostility in return, thus starting round of mutual revenge. Our prejudices become infected. By our own illusions we deceive others, because they believe, we lend them weight and influence is increased. The evaluation mistakes, false values ​​and conceptions of our wrong, for if only casually expressed, are taken up and expanded into the vast system of deception and ideas distorting activities untold harm in the human mind. In all these cases a more responsible part will belong to us. We have to be careful how in what we say and write!

The third way we can cause harm to others because of the longevity of our emotions and transform limited. Our own love for someone can die in a natural way, while we love still loves us, and so suffer because of our indifference. Or, vice versa: while the love of others to us dead, we still own life and often urges him, infringing freedom demands of him, disturbed the peace of the person and tore through his heart, causing him sorrow because he can not help us. This is too common situations in human relationships, and their results are often tragic. We feel particularly strongly spicy because no moral guilt seems to be involved, only the law of impermanence coldly impassive closed its stamp on the scene suffering of this world. Yet this also applies ethical principles, although the issue of whether we use the word "guilt." Understood properly, the situation presents a case of lust, attachment or craving causing pain through lack of fulfillment. Looking at this case in the light of this, the second noble truth will become clear how: "Craving is the source of suffering." And so also that seeming paradox: "From what is dear to us, suffering arises." When deeply contemplating tiny piece of life suffering as presented here, we shall feel indeed: "Truly, this alone is enough to turn away from all forms of life, to become disenchanted with them, became separated from them! "

We still have not exhausted all their own imperfect way we can draw others into the whirlpool of suffering. But perhaps just add here the fourth and last point. Desires and our own ignorance, whether directly related to one another or just as an observer, may contribute to the damage of that by destroying the credibility in people's then, the belief in high ideals of that person, and that person's will to contribute to philanthropic funds in life. Thus the own imperfections we can induce him to become self-centered taken by frustration, a cynic or a misanthrope personal resentment or impersonal. Because of the imperfections of our own, the forces of Good will again have been weakened not only us, but also in others.

There are many who will respond to the Buddhist doctrine of suffering by saying: "We are aware that the happiness and beauty, fun and interesting things, have to be paid for by a certain amount of suffering. but we are prepared to pay without grumbling, even the ultimate price of death; we think it is worth the price, and it adds flavor to our pleasure. "Before people say so that we can place the facts above, and ask them: "Are you aware that you are talking about a price is paid not only by your own suffering, which also by the suffering of others, or do you think it is right and fair for you to do  but others  pay the price for your happiness? are you find 'flavor' if you look happy from the perspective of you there? " And our partners - on the condition that he is honest and noble hearts (and only then would it be worthwhile to speak to him) - will muses: "I do not think about it . Rather, I should not force others to pay the price for my shortcomings. If I thought it unfair and ignoble to do so in my everyday dealings, the same will not be the same in relationships with these higher matters in life is not? " Then we can be sure that we have planted the seeds in the soul and conscience of the person and the right time to germinate.

Now we go back to the original line of thought of us. We see our actions can affect others through multiple sources / channels, how our shortcomings can drag other people into misery, confusion and guilt like brain. Such responsibility is often our accumulation of a lot of suffering and misfortune in life will be added to the dynamic and impactful for us to become holy and harmless to also benefit the other.

Certainly unscathed own health and we will not treat other people, at least not directly and not in all cases. The harmless our own will rarely keep others from harm. But by acquiring mental health, at least one by one we will pursue the source of infection in the world and not hurt anyone of us would reduce fire fuels hatred cherished devastating this earth.

By conscious of the suffering we cause and the suffering we can prevent, we add two powerful motives to those who have urged us to step into the path of liberation and: meaningful challenge strong knowledge of responsibilities, and the loving compassion of a mother's virtue. These complementary ideals of duty and love, we can be called the principle of male and female, will help to keep us steadfast on the path. Loving kindness and compassion towards those who may become the victims of our own imperfections will urge us to perform tasks for them in the only way possible: by completing the mission our service to ourselves.

The above line of thought is expressed succinctly by the Buddha's dictum that much too little known:

By protecting oneself, one protects others; 
By protecting others, one protects oneself. (SN 47:19)

In light of these observations are made above, these simple yet profound words of the Master this will become still more opaque, mysterious capacity allocated stirring the depths of the nature of we. By the action bar is full of our own pollution can cause disastrous consequences for others, we will still understand better that the two sentences in this paragraph is added: by guarding ourselves we we are trying our best to protect others; others wishing to protect against pain, we ourselves can cause, we will do our best to protect others.

Therefore, for the sake of ourselves and the interests of our fellow human beings, to be cautious every step we take. Only with a high level of awareness we will succeed. Thus it is said in the same business practices that protect two types of mindfulness is firmly established ( satipaṭṭhāna),  here also proved to be the only way  (ekayano maggo):

"I will defend myself," thus the establishing of mindfulness has to be cultivated. "I shall protect others," thus the establishing of mindfulness has to be cultivated.

The same idea and method is expressed in the "Advice to Rahula" of Buddha (MN 61)

After reflecting again and again, the actions of body, speech and mind should be doing ... Before making such actions by body, speech and mind, while doing them and after them, he should reflects thus: "Is this action lead to harm me, harm others, harm of both?" After reflecting again and again, he should purify his actions by body, speech and mind. Behold Rahula, you should set such orders.

Say so:

Behold the monk, so you should set decorations. Think about your own happiness, this is sufficient to strive tirelessly. Think about the happiness of others, this is sufficient to strive tirelessly. Think about the happiness of both, this is sufficient to strive tirelessly.(SN 12:22)

Three sayings of the Master will illuminate. By reminding us of the true motives of our quest, and give us the correct method to complete the task, they will be the only infallible guide in the tread Street.

*

10.6 Effect of Enterprise and Industry

(I)

Most of all theory right now emphasize the strict laws decided to take  up a cause, ensuring tight correspondence between our actions and their results. While emphasizing things completely in the proper place, has another side to the industrial activity - aspect rarely pay attention, but it's important. This is the possible transformation of the industry, the fact that the decision in accordance with law is not working now rigid nature machines but allow much wider realm of process variations in ripe fruit.

If industrial action always bear fruit produce can not change the range of equal size, if the change or cancellation of the results now excluded, the liberation from the cycle of suffering will not happen to be; For eternity will ever bear to obstruct the new consequences of unwholesome karma. Since then the Buddha said:

If it is said that people in any way make a karmic action, in the same way that he or she will experience results - in which case there will be no (possibility for a) religious life  [4 ]  and no opportunity will appear to end suffering completely.

But if it is said that the person performing an act of karma (the result) is capable of changing experience may be, will reap consistent with it - in that case will (likely to) life spiritual life and the opportunity to completely end suffering. (AN 3: 110)

Like any physical event, psychological processes constitute a cause of action never survive alone in a field, and so its effect while bear fruit depends not only on potential in particular, but also on other factors in its field, can reduce it in many ways. For example, we see that a particular industry, or good or bad, sometimes its effect is increased by supporting industry, weakened by opposition dynamic career, or even canceled by now destroyed. Bear fruit may also be delayed if the adapter of the external circumstances require it bear fruit not enough; and delays that can leave to chance to dynamic opposition now or destructive activities.

But not only is the condition originates outside of this that can make a change. The bear fruit also reflects "inner sphere" of industrial or conditions / charm inside - that is, the whole structure of the mind qualities thereby generating action. For people with moral qualities and rich soul a single crime that can not begin to bear serious consequences that it will have the same offense against the poor virtues such holder. Also, similar to the rule of man, the penalty of first offenders will be lighter (penalty) the offender was convicted again.

Regarding the type of reaction is this change Buddha said in the text was excerpted above:

"Now let's take the case when the action had been committed by bad light someone and then take him to hell. But if the same misdemeanor that was committed by someone else, its consequences could experienced during his lifetime and even minimum (residual error response) will not appear (in the future), let alone the (reaction) serious.

"Now what kind of people misdemeanors were sent to hell? It is people who do not cultivate (receiver end of) itself, not to cultivate morality and ideology, nor anything intellectual development; he shortsighted , with vile character and even suffer anecdotes.

"And that's the same effect will be minor offenses in a lifetime experience of that person, at least not with (residual errors in the future)? He used to cultivate (receiver end of) the body, cultivate each gender happiness and every thought and intellectual development; he is not restricted by (rituals), as great personality and he lived without restraint (by evil) [ 5] . the people like coverings consequences of the same experience minor offenses during that person's life, without residual errors in the future.

Now suppose someone drop a lump of salt into a small glass of water. The monk, what you think: there must be a small amount of water and salt in a cup will not be able to drink the local salt because it does not? "-" O sir, will be. "-" And why is that? "-" too little water in a cup that can Department salt saline and undrinkable. "- But, the monk, assuming that salt is thrown into the Department of the Ganges. it will make the water of the Ganges and non-potable salt not?" - "O sir, definitely not." - And why not? "-" O sir, is the vast amount of water in the Ganges. It will not salty and undrinkable by a lump of salt. "

"Behold, O monks, moreover suppose a problem to go to jail for half a penny, a dime or a penny per cent, and others do not have to go to jail for that matter.

"Now what kind of person to go to jail because of the problem half pennies, a dime or a penny per cent? It is the poor, do not have the means or assets whatsoever. But the rich have the means and assets, not to go to jail for such matters. "  [6]  (AN 3: 110)

Here we can say now that it was the accumulation of individual good and bad and also the dominant personality traits of that person, good or bad, affect business results. We decide greater or lesser levels of performance and may even signal the difference between whether it happened or not happened at all.

But even this does not exhaust the possibilities for change exists in the weight of the reaction created this now. A glimpse into the life histories of the people we know can specify to us who have good character and no bugs, live in a safe condition; however a single error, perhaps even a small error, enough to ruin that person's life - fame, career, and he's happy - and it can also lead to serious degradation in personality him. The crisis seems this must have been unbalanced by the chain reaction of the situation exacerbated beyond his control now fallen for dynamic powerful opposition in the past from dirty.But the string of bad results can ever be thrown down by one's own actions - decisively caused by the initial mistake of the person and reinforced by negligence occurs later, the decision indecision or wrong peanuts, which, of course, is not skillful in business themselves. This is the case when even mostly good character could not stop the ripening of bad karma or to mitigate the full force of the fruit. The good qualities and his actions certainly will not keep useless; but their future impact could weaken more by any action or change negative personality arise in the present, which can form a dynamic opposition now bad. Also think about the reverse situation: He deserves to be called with bad character completely, rarely act on the impulse of generosity and kindness. This course of action can be rotated out with favorable repercussions and unbelievably vast in her lifetime. It can make a decisive improvement in the external circumstances of that person, soothing personality, and even began to "shift the mind" entirely.

Indeed, the situation is complicated how in life, even if they appear simple idea! This is so because the situations and their consequences reflect the complexity of the mind has trouble than their inexhaustible source. The Buddha once said: "The complexity of the mind to go beyond the differences of the animal kingdom to no end" (SN 22: 100). For any single individual, the mind is the mind of the constant process of change is steered by the line and the line of business hardship accumulated in countless past lives. But the complexity and confusion of this capital, still add a lot more by the fact that each individual life line mixed together with many other lines of personal life through the interaction of their respective industry. The process is network trouble karma Buddha declared that the result is one of four things now "inconceivable" ( acinteyya)  and warning against treating them as a subject for study. But although the operating expenses of the isolation process now escape our knowledge, the important message is actually transparent: the outcome of events that could change now liberated us from the cause of failure collapse of predestination and its ethical implications, fatalism, and keep the path to liberation often unfold before our eyes.

However, "the situation on" the situation has the potential to also have negative aspects, risk factors and dangers: the wrong response to situations that may open the way down.It is our own response away to avoid ambiguities, for better or worse conditions. This now revealed doctrine of the Buddha's teachings as responsible morally and spiritually for ourselves and for others. It really is the "doctrine of human feelings" because it corresponds to and reflects the broad scope of selection of human, more wide range of mammals. Ethical choices of any individual who may be limited by strict burden volatility of greed, hatred and ignorance and their consequences that people carried around; but every time he stopped to make a decision or choice, he potentially has the freedom to throw that burden, at least temporarily. In moments of fragile and valuable to this choice he has a chance to rise all the guilt is intimidation and pressures of the past now untraceable. Indeed, in a brief moment he can overcome many of the MDGs now thrall. It is through awareness that people can grasp that fleeting moment, it was mindful to make them capable of using it for a wise selection.

(II)

Every action karma, once made, first of all affect the person doing it. This is true for many of the physical and verbal actions toward others when it makes intentional thoughts that do not show external signs. To some extent, we can control our own response to our actions, but we can not control how other people respond to them. Their response might turn out different from what we expect and desire. A good action we can meet ingratitude, a word of kindness can find cold reception or even hostility. But despite this good deeds and kind words will be lost at the time the acquisition, for the disadvantages of that person, they will not be lost for the workers. Good ideas inspire us to do that noble soul, even more so if he responds to the negative reception of forgiveness and patience rather than anger and remorse.

Again, an act or speech intended to harm or hurt another person can not react to provoke him enmity but only met with inherent composure. At that time "not to receive gifts" this will return the person to like Buddha once told him Brahmin - who slander him. Actions and bad words, and thoughts we can not promote harm others, but they will not take effective harm done on that persona; and it will affect them even worse if that person reacts extraordinary response by the feelings of rage or frustration frustrating. So Buddha said that beings are responsible employer and is now the property of their inalienable. They are just as legitimate heirs of their actions, inherited a legacy of the good or bad results.

The practice of charity will often remind ourselves of the fact that these jobs, our words and our thoughts first of all to follow and change your soul. Such reflection will give a powerful engine for real self-esteem, be preserved by protecting oneself against all of meanness and ugliness. To do so would open up a new practical understanding of the profound maxim of the Buddha:

In this fathom-long body with consciousness and its ideological world, the origin of the world, the end of the world and the path leading to the cessation of the world. (AN 4:45)

(III)

What the Buddha said about "The World" is included in the body-and-mind blocks this.For it is only by the operation of the base psycho-physical feeling that the world can be experienced and known. Color, sound, smell, taste and touch that we perceive, and other functions of our mind, conscious and unconscious - this is the world in which we live.And this is our world has its origin in the center block of the physical processes that produce industrial action created by the craving for sense objects six physical interest.

"Ananda, if there is not now ripe for sex education, there would be any life does not sexuality?

"O sir, definitely not." (AN 3:76)

So now is the womb from which we launched ( kamma-yoni),  the real creator of the world and of ourselves as people experience the world. And through the action of our karma in action, speech and thoughts, we constantly participate in building this world and the world over. Even our good deeds how long they remain under the influence of greed, arrogance and ignorance, contribute to and sustain this miserable world. Lifetime like millstones chain in continuous operation by now, mainly due to its three unwholesome now - greed, hatred and ignorance. "The end of the world" can not go on with the miller; this points to create the illusion of progress. Just by the main vain attempt to stop it, the termination can be achieved.

Main "thanks to the elimination of greed, hatred and delusion that a match of the new career terminated" (AN 10: 174). And this could happen nowhere else than in the same block where the body consciousness born of suffering and its causes. The main message of true hope Tuesday that we can step out of tired of the effort hopeless and miserable.If, despite our knowledge capable of liberation, we just walked out of the miller's life, it is as difficult to break longstanding addiction, habit has deep roots clinging to the notion of "I" , "our" and "ego." But here again there is the message of hope in the fourth noble truth has its eightfold, therapy can cure this addiction and slowly lead us ultimately to the cessation of suffering. And all that is required for the therapies that are found in the bodies and minds of our own.

The treatment begins with a proper understanding of the real nature right now and that way our situation in life. This understanding will provide strong incentive to ensure that the common good in the life of him now. And when it deepened by looking at the human condition even better, to understand such a thing will become motivated to break the chain of industrial dependence. Will make him try to follow the path crystals, and devoted all his or her actions and their consequences to the greatest termination action - the final liberation of ourselves and all beings charming.

*

Quan Tho 10.7

"Everything is a sensation! - Shouted the German poet, and too rowdy though these words can we point out the important role of feelings in people's lives. Whether intentional or not, that all human life and spent the night in their efforts to increase the longing for satisfaction and to avoid the feeling of dissatisfaction All ambitions and human efforts are geared to serves that purpose. From the simple entertainment of ordinary people to urge the operation talent and creativity mighty great artists, are fundamental desire is to enjoy fun, achieve contentment and happiness. the preferred sensations from many forms, and the experience waiting for them in all of the difference in their strength in order to improve operational processes and ways of life have more kind and always vary. To satisfy the "pleasure principle" many heroic actions been done, and more is not dare to do great things. The modern world, especially the desire for affluence seen physically, emotionally pleasing and sensual enjoyment at the speed stretch multiplier. In each major country thousands of enterprises and individual services grow, hire millions of workers, exploited to produce all the magic of the first technology to stimulate learning and satisfaction, desire pleasures and convenience. By providing the suspicious exit, the same services provided by this stimulation and sexual feelings and try to alleviate the worry, boredom, discouragement and discontent over rampant in " era of anxiety "this modern.

From a brief overview of this now people can appreciate the importance pithy maxim of the Buddha that "all things (the measures) are provided for feelings" The central location of the sensations in human life also makes it clear why the Buddha-life calculated as a separate category in the five aggregates ( pancakkhandha)  and a separate bar in the quarterfinals of mindfulness  (satipaṭṭhāna).

In particular the definition of mental states (ownership interest) in Buddhist psychology, feelings  (vedana)  is understood as pure feeling as optimistic experience (satisfaction), dukkha (dissatisfaction) or neutral (far). It is distinguished from the  emotion , more complicated phenomenon arises from this basic life, but it stems more different things that cover the valuation of character, willpower and awareness. Life, in the Buddhist sense, is the second of the five aggregates constitute what is conventionally called "man." The characteristic elements are active in the emotion  of the formations (saṅkhāra-kkhandha) , aggregates fourth. All four aggregates of the mind arise inseparable in all the state of mind: feeling, perception, and consciousness. Because life combined with easy emotional factors, these two tend to be confused, but in the analysis we found different cups.

Life arises whenever there is enough to meet the three elements - sensory organs, the object and the mind. The reunion of these three in Buddhist psychology called the impression of feeling, contact or collision  (phassa) . Impressed by the feeling that events in mind, not the body. It is six kinds, when conditions either due to a feeling in the body or by mind. Impressive feeling of this type are six main condition for the corresponding six kinds of feelings born last year due to exposure to physical sensation and emotional exposure (contact center). In the formula of causal duodenum  (paṭicca-samuppāda) , this relationship is expressed by the link: "Impressive feeling (emotional) facilitating (coy) for Life"  (phassa-Paccaya vedanā) . When these feelings followed, so they act in line with the next chain of dependent arising "Tho facilitate charity" (vedanā-Paccaya taṇhā).

Life arises from exposure to these forms can see (color), sound, smell and taste is always neutral. The feeling of satisfaction and dissatisfaction is not always follow concerning this four sensory perception; but when they  do  follow, then we mark the stages of the process in addition to awareness, followed by neutral feelings first meet. But the impression of the body such as contact or pressure can cause sensations (feeling) satisfied or not. The impression of the mind can cause sensations happy, sad or neutral (discharge).

Life is one of the mental states that  (cetasika)  common to all the attention. In other words, each conscious experience are feeling optimistic, unpleasant or neutral, this life has obvious qualities in its own right. The emotional value, practical, moral or spiritual follow any particular sensation is determined by mental states comes under volitional.The main qualities of the other mental functions that make life at birth or good or bad, noble or depraved, there now or not, worldly or supramundane.

Because life, in its own state, simply recording the impact of the object, in itself would not have any emotional bias. Only if the evaluation of the will (volition) to be recognized will have feelings appear as dreams or love, aversion or anger, worry or fear, as well as distorted perceptions. But this mixture should not arise, because emotions are inseparable parts of the corresponding sensations. Indeed, many of the weaker impressions we receive during the day stop in place of feeling only recording weak and transient, with no more emotional response yet. This only that it can be done to stop psychological pure sensations and things can deliberately do with the help of mindfulness and self-collecting end, even in cases when the stimuli moved feeling a strong emotion. Through practical experience so that it can be ingrained within constant rotation makes the karmic arise can stop at the stage of feeling, and without the need to be craving sensations followed. Here we confront the feelings as a key factor on the path to liberation and can see why, in the Buddhist tradition,  customary life  been appreciated as a useful aid in this way .

Life shop is one of the four foundations of mindfulness  (satipaṭṭhāna) . The normal way that it can be carried out in the framework of this meditation to develop insight (vipassana) . However, it is essential that this shop should also be remembered and applied in daily life whenever feelings tend to become emotional immoral. Of course, he should not intentionally trying to  create  in their own particular feelings for the sake of practice; they should rather be taken up to the mindfulness just as they naturally occur.There will be many such cases, as long as the mind lucid and calm enough to acknowledge the clear sensation in their first stages.

In the life bar, first there will be mindful awareness of the sensations when they arise. He should distinguish them as satisfied, not satisfied (suffering) or neutral. Nothing breeds "mixed feelings" like.

Mindfulness should be maintained during a short period of a particular sensation, gradually subsided until it terminates. If the point of the sensations vanish seen several times with a clear increase, will become much easier to forestall the emotions, thoughts and the will (volition) is often too fast and too often the familiar associated with them.Feeling satisfied with familiar linking enjoyment and longing; feeling dissatisfied with aversion; neutral feeling with boredom and confusion, and also as a base for looking the wrong (wrong). But when the focus is purely on the starting direction and evolution of the sensations, the additive contaminated materials this will be cornered. If they arise, they will be recognized immediately as soon as they appear, and the recognition that can often be enough to stop them from growing stronger by the opposition continue.

If the sensations are seen as inflated bubble up and explode, their association with craving and aversion will be increasingly weaker until finally shattered. When the attachment to your likes and dislikes are reduced by this practice, gaps will open up the inside for the development of emotional and virtue higher bar: for loving kindness and compassion, contentment, patience complaints and endurance.

In this way there is consistency particularly important to separate those feelings from even the slightest thought of "I" and "mine". There will be no contact with the human ego as the theme was: "I feel (and therefore, I am". It will not have any idea of ​​being the owner of these sensations " I have the feeling satisfied. I'm happy to do so! "with the thought," I want more than a feeling that "craving emerges. Or to think," I have pain. I really how unfortunate! "and want to get rid of the pain, anger arises.

Avoid these mistakes and do not view this fact, he should be aware of feeling like the process and transient conditions. Mindfulness should remain vigilant, focused purely on the fact that the only function of the heart such feelings and the like; and this awareness should serve no other purpose than with wisdom and mindfulness, as shown in doing Mahasatipatthana. How long the person familiar contact with people feeling "with" them, and to do so even during meditation, there will not be any progress in the observation.

To identify the sensations without ego involvement will also help distinguish them clearly from physical stimuli evoke them, as well as from the effects of heart followed.Since then student will be able to keep attention focused on feelings alone, without communication through other areas. This is the meaning of the phrase "in the life expectancy of people that shop," as is said in the University of mindfulness (Satipatthana Sutta) . At this stage of practice, yogis will become more familiar with the "mentality of intellectual analysis"  (nāma-rupa-pariccheda).

However, more progress will require persistence in the mindful observation of the arising and passing away every moment sensations whenever it occurs. This will lead to a deepening experience of impermanence ( anicca) , one of the main gates to liberation.In meditation, feeling at variable becomes marked kill stronger, impermanent nature of sensations will impress itself in the student center. This experience, also gained from other mental and physical processes, will gradually grow in "wisdom of the cessation meditation" ( bhanga-nana).  By this stage, yogis will find themselves well on the road to progress more.

It is in this that the practice of meditation can open up shop life full strength as an effective tool to cut off the chain of suffering at the weakest point of connection. But significant benefits can be drawn from this shop by allowing those who, in their daily lives, can devote to quietly reflect little of the feelings and their emotions. Even they can do this when looking back, would quickly realize that feelings and emotions are "separate". The shop reflects this and will help them relive more fully aware of feelings and emotions as they really happened by the delicate line of proud and sad. At that time, the mind will gradually to a higher level of consistency and serene, with just a simple process of study and review the feelings and emotions of the person.

However, this should not and need not, be done regularly. Should choose appropriate opportunities within certain limited time until he became familiar with the techniques of feelings followed by emotions there. Such understanding of this process will result in a growing restraint on the emotional reaction of the person, the restraint to achieve in natural and spontaneous way. He does not need to fear that the focus on the sensations and feelings in the way described will lead to alienation lukewarm attitude or emotional withdrawal. In contrast, the heart and mind will naturally open up more to that noble emotions such as friendship, compassion and human endurance. Will not rule out a relationship full of human warmth, does not preclude enjoying the beauty in art and nature. But they would relocate from clinging nervously, that the experience will give deeper satisfaction can make the mind run too far by the intense emotions.

Life is lived in this way can healthy adults in the desire to use the shop highest life purpose: eventually liberated mind suffering.

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10.8 Protection Through Mindfulness

Once the Buddha told his bhikkhus with the following story:

"One time a pair of juggling circus artists performing acrobatic feats on a bamboo pole. One day the teacher told his apprentices: 'Now let's jump up on his shoulder and climbed up the bamboo pole. ' When his pupil do so, the teacher said: 'now I take care of a good teacher, the teacher will protect you! By protecting and looking at each other in that way, we will be able to perform their financial I, earning many bamboo pole and stepped down safely. ' But the student said: "No, sir! Sensei he should protect him, and I should also protect children. Such self-protection and self-will guard our safety performances of our feats. '

"This is the right way," Buddha said and added the following theory:

"It was just like the pupil said: 'I will protect you' - in that way the foundations of mindfulness ( satipaṭṭhāna) should be practiced. 'I will protect others' - in that way the foundations of mindfulness should be practice. protect yourself, protect others he; protecting others, one protects oneself.

"And how that person while protecting yourself, protect others? By meditating regularly and repeated several times.

"And how, while protecting others, protect yourself?

"With perseverance and patience, using nonviolent life and harmless, with a loving heart and compassion." 

Doing this all belongs significant number of important teachings of the Buddha and clearly still are hidden like buried treasure, is not known and can not be used. However, this text has an important message for us, and the fact that it was stamped royal origin of Mindfulness  (Satipatthana)  to supplement it claims our attention.

Texts relating to the relationship between ourselves and the friends of our tour, between the individual and society. It succinctly summarizes the Buddhist attitude to the ethical problems of individuals and society, of egoism and altruism. Its handbook contained in two short sentences:

While protecting yourself, he protect others, 
While protecting others, one protects oneself.

Two verses complement each other and should not be taken apart or criticized.

Today, when social service too intense stress, people may be tempted to support their ideas by citing just one sentence. But any partial citations that would misrepresent the views of the Buddha. Must be remembered that in our story Buddha absolute support of the student's words, first of all he must carefully guard the footsteps of him if he wants to protect others from harm two. Who himself sinking in the mud can not help others out of the mud. In that sense, protect fundamental formation indispensable for the protection of and assistance to others. But self-defense protection is not selfish. It is self-restraint, self-development and spiritual ethics.

There are some great truths can completely and deeply aware that they seem to have the field always expanding the meaning and development along with areas of knowledge and practice them one's own. Such truths can be applied in different degrees of understanding, and the effect of the different contexts of our lives. After reaching the first or second one will be surprised that many new rays forever nostalgic themselves open to our understanding, illuminated by the facts. This also holds true great pair of text us but now we will think about it in detail.

"While protecting yourself, he protect others" - the truth of the words started as very simple and practical. The level of the first material of this obvious truth is that we just say a few words about it. It's clear that the protection of our own health will go far in protecting the health of others, particularly where these infectious diseases are concerned. Precautions and prudent in everything we do and our work to protect others from harm can come to them because of the carelessness and indifference of us. By driving carefully, avoid alcohol, self-restraint in situations that can lead to violence - in all these things and many other ways we shall protect others by protecting ourselves.

EXTENT OF ETHICS

Now we come to the level of moral truths. Moral self-protection will keep others, individuals and society, against the insatiable passions and selfish impulses. If we allow the "three roots" bad - greed, hatred and ignorance - can stand strong in our mind, is the rapid development of them will spread and spread like forest vines, as oppressive many healthy growth and sublime of everything around. But if we protect ourselves against these three roots, the traveler's companion we will be safe. They will be safe from greed does not pay any attention to assets and our power, from greed and insatiable lust of us, out of jealousy and envy of us, safe from the consequences of dam out of anger and hostility can damage or even kill people; safe from the onset of our anger and from heavy atmosphere as a result of opposition and squabbles that can make life unbearable for them.

The disastrous consequences of greed and influence our courts have on others is not limited to the time when they become passive objects or victims of our anger, or when their property into the match object of our greed. Both participated and field's capacity to infect vast negative consequences thereof. If we ourselves do not think about anything other than greed and bigotry, obtain and own, hold and cling, then we can conjure up or augment this ownership instincts in others. Our misconduct of behavior standards for those around us - for your children, friends, and colleagues of ours. Our own conduct may induce others to join with us in the satisfaction of desires trivial greed; or we can rise up in their resentment and rivalry. If our hearts full of sensuality, we can also light a fire in their greed. Hatred of ourselves could provoke hatred and revenge them. We can also allied ourselves with others or instigate them to the actions of hatred and enmity usual. Indeed, attachment and anger as infectious diseases. If we protect ourselves against infection this bad, to some extent, we will also protect others.

BY PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL

For the third root of evil, delusion or ignorance, we know very well indeed how disastrous a lot of other people because of stupidity, carelessness, bias, illusion and delusion of a any single individual.

No wisdom and knowledge, the effort to protect yourself and others will usually fail. He will see danger only when it's too late; he will not be reserved for future food; he will not know the true and effective means to protect and help. Therefore, self-protection through wisdom and knowledge are of enormous importance. By attain wisdom and true knowledge, we will protect others from the harmful effects caused by ignorance, prejudice, bigotry and ignorance infection. History shows us that the ignorance of the majority of the masses extremely severe devastation often team up by only a single individual or a small group of people only. Self-protection through wisdom and knowledge will protect others from the harmful consequences of such effects.

We used to indicate briefly how life private individuals we can have a strong impact on the lives of many others. If we do not address the actual or potential source of evil belongs in chidnh our society, outside social activities we will either useless or not fully clear. Therefore, if we are moved by the spirit of social responsibility, we must not avoid hardships task of self development and spiritual ethics. Concerns about the social activities not be sorry or fled original mission, cleaning will lose their homes. In contrast, people who devoted themselves to develop ethical and spiritual self-development will be good capacity and strong and active in life, whether that person alone will give help and encouragement to many, by showing that the ideals of selfless life and harmless can actually be lived and not just the theme of the sermon.

LEVELS OF MEDITATION

Now we proceed to the next higher level in the interpretation of our text. Is expressed in the following words of the prayer: "And how does a person by protecting yourself, protect others? By practicing meditation regularly and repeatedly." The ethics of self-defense will lack long lasting rigid discipline still pressed after the struggle against the motives and habits of thought and behavior. Passionate desires and selfish tendencies can develop in strength if he tried to defuse them only by force of will. Whether he succeeded in temporarily suppressing the urge to frenzy or selfishness, conflict is not resolved within will impede the progress of ethics and the spirit of that person and damaging personality that man's. Moreover, the inner harmony not caused by the compression problem wry impulses will find a way out of the external behavior. It can make the individual irritability, resentment, domineering, overbearing and others. Such harm can come to such person as well as with other people how to protect themselves from wrong. Only when moral self-protection function of  the spontaneous , natural arriving as closed eyelids to protect against dust - only if it's moral stature we provide protection and safety for the main us and for others. This naturalness of moral conduct does not come to us as a gift from heaven. It must be achieved by practice and hone repeated several times. Therefore, our texts say the practice by repeating several times that self-protection becomes strong enough to protect others.

But if the practice of good deeds repeated several times that only happens on the level of practical, emotional and intellectual, that its roots are not strong enough and deep. The practice of repeated many times like also to extend to cultivate meditation levels.Through meditation, practical motivations, feelings and knowledge of self-protection of the moral and spiritual will become the exclusive property of us can not easily be lost again. So, all of us talking here about  (bhavana) , the development of the mind in meditation in its widest sense. This is the highest form of protection that our world can bestow. Who developed his mind by meditation lives in peace with themselves and with life. There is no harm or violence emanating from such person. Peace and pure that he will have the capacity to shine inspirational and uplifting and will be a source of blessing for life. He will be a positive factor in society, whether he lives in seclusion and quiet. When understanding and recognition of the social value of life meditation terminated in a particular country, will be one of the first symptoms of mental degeneration.

PROTECT OTHERS

Now that we think about the second part of the Buddha's teachings, supplemented needed for the first part, "while protecting others, one protects oneself. And why? With perseverance and patience, by nonviolent life and harmless, with kindness and compassion. " [ 7]  He had his relationship with the tour you are affected by these rules will protect him better than he could have the strength or have any weapons yet skilful.Perseverance and patience people will avoid conflicts and quarrels, and would befriend anyone he ever proved lasting understanding. People do not resort to force or coercion will, in normal circumstances, rarely he himself becomes the object of violence when he does not provoke violence from others. And if he encountered violence, will soon end it because he will not last forever enmity by revenge. He has compassion and compassion to all beings, and escape the hostility, will conquer hatred of others to disarm violence and brutality. Compassion is where the world rely.

Now we will understand how to harmonize additional two sentences of the text which we are. Self-protection is an indispensable platform. But can really protect the condition it does not conflict with the protection of others; for people who seek self-protection is not conducive to contaminate others will as well as fatal for yourself. Conversely, protecting others without conflicting with the four principles of perseverance, nonviolence, kindness and compassion; it is also not hinder the development of the spirit of freedom of others as it does in many different totalitarian doctrine. Thus in the Buddhist concept of self-protection all selfishness is excluded, and in the protection of others has no place for violence and prevent.END=NAM MO AMITABHA BUDDHA.( 3 TIMES ).VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=THICH GIAC TAM.THE MIND OF ENLIGHTENMENT.VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=GOLDEN AMITABHA PURELAND=AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.2/12/2016.